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Midway Alamein - Contenido educativo

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Subido el 5 de mayo de 2023 por Luis H.

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So yesterday we explained the Barbarossa operation. 00:00:00

So could you explain to me very, very quickly 00:00:05

Hitler's mistakes in 1941. 00:00:09

There were two important mistakes 00:00:13

and this is an easy question, for example, to Julia. 00:00:16

He made two mistakes. 00:00:21

One of those was mainly he divided the troops 00:00:29

and the center was... 00:00:37

Weaker. 00:00:38

Weaker, yeah. 00:00:39

So one of the troops was sent to Sweden, to Leningrad 00:00:40

and the other one, which had the aim to go to Moscow, 00:00:46

was finally sent to the south. 00:00:51

To the south. 00:00:55

It was to Ukraine, yeah. 00:00:56

To the Ukraine, exactly. 00:00:57

Hitler lost time and the mud and snow appeared, exactly. 00:00:58

So after that, we explained the Battle of Moscow 00:01:05

and I don't know what was the result 00:01:08

of the Battle of Moscow. 00:01:10

So for example, Noel, could you explain to me 00:01:13

the result of the Battle of Moscow? 00:01:17

So as it was a very cold winter, 00:01:20

the Russians were more prepared for the battle. 00:01:22

Noel, could you speak louder? 00:01:26

The Russians were more prepared than the Germans. 00:01:28

They were more prepared for the cold winter. 00:01:32

So basically, the result was that the Russians won. 00:01:36

Yes, and very, very quickly, 00:01:43

the Soviet Union recaptured the territory 00:01:45

that they had lost from the beginning of the campaign. 00:01:49

And also yesterday, we paid attention to the Pacific Ocean. 00:01:54

We explained what happened in Pearl Harbor. 00:01:59

Could you explain to me, for example, I don't know, 00:02:03

Adrian, if Pearl Harbor was a decisive battle? 00:02:07

Yes or no? 00:02:12

What do you think? 00:02:13

We can hear, Adrian. 00:02:16

Do you hear me now? 00:02:18

Yes, perfectly. 00:02:20

Okay, so Pearl Harbor, it wasn't a decisive battle 00:02:21

because despite Japan attack Pearl Harbor, 00:02:27

there wasn't 00:02:35

the aircraft planes. 00:02:36

Carriers. 00:02:45

And they could use these aircraft planes 00:02:47

to make a contract attack. 00:02:49

Later on, exactly in 1942. 00:02:55

Actually, we are going to start it to be today, this moment. 00:02:58

And could you explain also to me the causes of Pearl Harbor? 00:03:02

Why did the Japanese invade and bomb the port of Pearl Harbor? 00:03:09

Pearl Harbor's port. 00:03:15

They launched a bomb in Pearl Harbor 00:03:19

because China invaded in the China. 00:03:23

And this was territory of United States. 00:03:28

Oh, because the Japanese invaded what? 00:03:30

In the China. 00:03:34

First Manchuria, then China, and finally in the China, yes. 00:03:36

And what was the response of President Roosevelt? 00:03:44

The response was that they cut off 80% of the oil 00:03:48

and steel to the Japanese government. 00:03:55

And the Japanese knew that without this oil and steel, 00:03:59

they couldn't win the war. 00:04:04

So if they wanted to win the war, 00:04:06

they needed that the war. 00:04:08

Julian? 00:04:17

Yes? 00:04:20

Yes, carry on. 00:04:21

Yeah, and they knew that if the war was too long, 00:04:23

they wouldn't win. 00:04:28

So they needed that the war lasted like six months 00:04:29

to one year. 00:04:35

So to what extent do you agree, Elena, 00:04:36

that 1941 was a turning point in the war? 00:04:40

Elena Díaz. 00:04:44

To what extent do you agree that 1941 00:04:48

was a turning point in the war? 00:04:51

He's cutting me off all the time. 00:04:54

I'm not getting anything. 00:04:55

Ah, okay. 00:04:57

Could you turn off the microphones? 00:04:58

I'm going to check. 00:05:01

Now it's okay. 00:05:05

Elena? 00:05:06

No, Elena is not there. 00:05:11

Could you hear me? 00:05:16

Antonio, what do you think? 00:05:19

To what extent do you agree that 1941 was a turning point? 00:05:21

I think it was a turning point in the war 00:05:28

because it entered Japan in the war, 00:05:33

like really, do you follow me? 00:05:43

Yes, I'm following you. 00:05:48

It was when Japan really entered the war 00:05:52

and start like making something. 00:05:54

And also, Alejandro, we need to pay attention. 00:05:58

Why? 00:06:01

I think that the most important steps, 00:06:02

things that happened in 1942 to the turning point 00:06:05

and in World War II was that the USSR 00:06:09

entered the Allied side after the Ravel's operation 00:06:13

and as well. 00:06:16

The USA did the same to respond to the attack, 00:06:18

the Japanese attack. 00:06:23

Yeah, I agree, I agree. 00:06:25

I think that it was a turning point 00:06:26

because it was the moment when the United States 00:06:29

as well as the Soviet Union joined the war 00:06:33

and it changed completely the tide of the war. 00:06:37

Yes, I agree. 00:06:41

So today we are going to pay attention to 1942. 00:06:42

We are going to explain from here, from 1942. 00:06:48

So what happened in 1942? 00:06:54

As I said before, it was the moment when the USSR 00:06:58

and United States entered in the conflict. 00:07:02

The USSR before the United States 00:07:06

because the USSR began basically in June in 1941 00:07:11

due to the Barbarossa operation 00:07:16

and United States in December after Pearl Harbor. 00:07:18

So when both of them enter in the conflict, 00:07:23

for the vast majority of the historians, 00:07:27

it was the decisive turn 00:07:31

because for the vast majority of the historians, 00:07:34

this is the moment when Hitler knew 00:07:39

that he might not win the war. 00:07:41

But other historians said that the turning point 00:07:46

was in December in 1941 and to be honest, 00:07:50

in my humble opinion, I agree with them. 00:07:53

But it was true that 1942, it was the decisive turn 00:07:57

because the Soviet Union and United States, 00:08:03

both of them were in the war 00:08:07

and obviously Hitler knew from that moment 00:08:10

that he might not win the war 00:08:13

because it was impossible to win only Germany 00:08:16

because we all know the support 00:08:20

that Mussolini gave to Hitler. 00:08:22

It was impossible for Hitler to win the war 00:08:26

against the Soviet Union together 00:08:28

also as well with the United States. 00:08:31

Both of them were allies, 00:08:35

both of them from Pearl Harbor, the United States, 00:08:38

together with the UK and the Soviet Union were allies 00:08:41

and it was not possible for Hitler to win against them. 00:08:44

So also in 1942, it was a decisive turn 00:08:49

I'm here because it was the moment 00:08:54

when the Americans deciphered the codes from the Japanese. 00:08:59

So in terms of the intelligence, 00:09:07

it was also a decisive turn 00:09:10

because it was the moment when the Americans 00:09:13

developed the magic operation, the magic operation. 00:09:16

It was when the Americans deciphered 00:09:22

the secret codes from the Japanese. 00:09:25

This is only to know more, 00:09:30

but William Friedman was working for the Americans 00:09:32

and he was the man who deciphered the Japanese codes 00:09:38

in the magic operation. 00:09:43

The Japanese were using one machine, the Purple, 00:09:46

which was similar than the Enigma machine. 00:09:52

It was more complicated than the Enigma machine 00:09:57

because it has a double system to decipher the codes 00:09:59

and the Americans managed to decipher the codes in 1942. 00:10:04

And this moment was key in the world 00:10:11

because from that moment at the end of 1941 00:10:13

and at the beginning of the fall, at the beginning of 1942, 00:10:18

the Americans began to decipher the Japanese codes. 00:10:23

So after Pearl Harbor, which took place in December, 00:10:29

the Americans knew when they deciphered the codes 00:10:34

that the Japanese were preparing another battle in Midway. 00:10:39

So the Americans knew in advance 00:10:49

that the Japanese would attack in Midway, 00:10:52

would attack in Midway and it was key. 00:10:55

This moment was key. 00:10:58

But before that, I'm going to explain the battles, 00:11:01

the battles which took place on the Pacific Ocean. 00:11:06

We are going to explain from here 00:11:11

because you are going to see better the map. 00:11:12

The first battle was the Battle of the Coral Sea 00:11:14

in May in 1942 and it was a draw. 00:11:19

The Japanese fought against the Americans 00:11:23

in the Battle of Coral Sea. 00:11:26

It was a draw. 00:11:28

It was true that it was a draw, empate, 00:11:30

but the Americans won a strategic position 00:11:33

because they prevented the Japanese 00:11:40

from invading New Guinea. 00:11:44

So in terms of, in military terms, 00:11:47

it was true that it was a draw, 00:11:51

but in terms of politics, the Americans won. 00:11:53

A strategic position because they prevented 00:11:58

the Japanese from invading New Guinea. 00:12:01

And after the Battle of the Coral Sea, 00:12:07

it took place the Battle of Midway. 00:12:10

Yamamoto, Yamamoto who was the general 00:12:14

of the Japanese forces prepared another attack in Midway. 00:12:18

But as I said before, as I said before, 00:12:24

the Americans knew in advance 00:12:30

because they deciphered due to the magic operation, 00:12:34

the Japanese codes and they knew in advance 00:12:39

that the Japanese would attack in Midway. 00:12:42

They were prepared for this attack 00:12:45

and due to that, the Americans pay attention, 00:12:48

destroyed three out of four aircraft, 00:12:54

Japanese aircraft carriers. 00:12:59

So it was decisive, this battle. 00:13:04

The Battle of Midway was like the Battle of Alamein 00:13:07

and the Battle of Stalingrad. 00:13:12

It changed the turn of this war, okay? 00:13:14

Why the Battle of Midway was decisive? 00:13:18

Why the Battle of Midway was a turning point? 00:13:23

Because the Americans destroyed 00:13:26

three out of four aircraft carriers. 00:13:28

And from that moment, the Americans, 00:13:33

the United States had the initiative on the Pacific Ocean. 00:13:37

After the Battle of Midway, I'm going to repeat it again, 00:13:44

the United States had the initiative in the war. 00:13:47

They had the initiative in the war. 00:13:52

Actually, after the Battle of Midway, 00:13:56

there was another battle in August, 00:14:00

the Battle of Guadalcanal. 00:14:03

In this battle, again, the Americans, 00:14:07

the United States were the winners. 00:14:11

And after this battle in August, 00:14:15

the United States took the Solomon Island 00:14:18

and the important fortress of Rabaul, 00:14:22

Rabaul, close to New Guinea, Rabaul, close to New Guinea. 00:14:26

And from that moment, it was really, really important 00:14:32

for the United States, 00:14:34

because after the Battle of Guadalcanal, 00:14:37

when they took over the fortress of Rabaul, 00:14:41

the United States had a base, 00:14:46

a naval base, they had a naval base 00:14:52

to conquer more islands on the Pacific Ocean. 00:14:56

For example, this is only to know more. 00:15:02

You have to explain the important battles 00:15:06

of the Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. 00:15:08

And I'm going to explain more only to know more. 00:15:12

Because after Guadalcanal, one year later on, 00:15:16

the United States took the Gilbert and Caroline Islands. 00:15:20

It took one year to take the Gilbert and Caroline Islands, 00:15:26

and another year to take over the Marsal 00:15:31

and Mariana Islands. 00:15:35

Another year to take over the Philippines. 00:15:38

And from the Philippines, the United States 00:15:42

tried to take over the islands of Iwo Jima and Okinawa, 00:15:46

close to the Japanese archipelago. 00:15:54

The United States wanted to take Iwo Jima and Okinawa, 00:15:57

which were the closest islands to the Japanese archipelago, 00:16:04

because they wanted to have another naval base 00:16:10

to bomb the Japanese archipelago. 00:16:14

But Iwo Jima and above all, Okinawa were a bloody massacre. 00:16:20

More than 200,000 soldiers died. 00:16:31

And also, the Japanese didn't surrender. 00:16:39

They sent their kamikazes to take over the islands 00:16:42

to try to stop the United States. 00:16:49

And as the Japanese didn't surrender, 00:16:53

this is the moment when President Truman, 00:16:56

who replaced Roosevelt in power, 00:17:01

because Roosevelt died for natural reasons, 00:17:03

and President Truman, his vice president replaced him. 00:17:07

And when the Japanese didn't surrender, 00:17:13

it was the moment when President Truman 00:17:15

was convinced to use the atomic bombs. 00:17:18

Because Iwo Jima and Okinawa 00:17:24

were both of them a bloody massacre. 00:17:27

So this is the situation on the Pacific Islands. 00:17:31

So as I said before, Midway was a decisive battle 00:17:38

as the battle of Alamein and Stalingrad. 00:17:44

Today, we are going to explain also the battle of Alamein, 00:17:47

but we are going to skip the battle of Stalingrad 00:17:50

to the following class. 00:17:54

We have questions. 00:17:57

Alejandro first, and then Lara. 00:17:59

Hey, what's the atomic bomb? 00:18:02

I don't know about the geography of Japan, 00:18:04

and what's the atomic bomb used in Okinawa 00:18:07

and Iwo Jima or in other places? 00:18:11

They use the atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. 00:18:15

Yeah, but Hiroshima and Nagasaki 00:18:22

aren't in those areas, right? 00:18:24

Yes, they are cities in the Japanese archipelago. 00:18:27

Yeah, but in the areas that they were fighting in or not? 00:18:31

No, no. 00:18:38

The General Toho, because Yamamoto died 00:18:41

during the moment when the United States 00:18:47

took over Okinawa and Iwo Jima, 00:18:51

decided to carry on fighting in war. 00:18:55

And it was a moment when the Japanese sent the kamikazes 00:19:01

against the United States. 00:19:06

And Iwo Jima and Okinawa were islands 00:19:09

close to the archipelago, 00:19:13

but the Americans didn't manage to land 00:19:15

in the Japanese archipelago. 00:19:18

It took a long time to take Iwo Jima and Okinawa, 00:19:22

and it was a huge effort for the Japanese 00:19:32

United States to take over Iwo Jima and Okinawa. 00:19:40

It was true that they were planning the landing 00:19:43

in the Japanese archipelago, 00:19:46

but they didn't manage to get their source. 00:19:48

And it was the moment when Truman decided 00:19:52

to use the atomic bomb because the Japanese 00:19:55

decided to force up to the last moment, 00:20:01

to carry on fighting up to the last moment. 00:20:06

To fight up to the last moment, okay? 00:20:09

Okay, thank you. 00:20:12

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