4. Fascism in Italy

Okay, so today we are going to talk about fascism in Italy, we are going to talk about this political movement, how it's going to appear in Italy, and how Mussolini is going to reach power. 00:00:01

But before we study how fascism is going to appear in Italy and Mussolini reaching power, what we need to see is how is Italy, the characteristics of Italy, after the First World War. 00:00:11

okay so there are going to be in this post-war Italy it means after the First World War in Italy 00:00:26

what we are going to find is four main characteristics the first one is really 00:00:33

important in order to understand the origins of fascism okay it you know that what is nationalism 00:00:37

okay we studied nationalism in the in the other term in the last term remember nationalism appeared 00:00:47

in the 19th century in Europe and this national nationalism is an ideology that is going to be 00:00:56

based on the existence of a nation it means a group of people and this group of people having 00:01:03

in common a language having in common some cultural aspects or characteristics 00:01:13

having in common a specific frontiers and to have the right to create their 00:01:19

own state if you remember in 1870 Italy was unified so Italy appeared and this 00:01:27

Italian unification happened due to this Italian nationalism so you need to 00:01:38

understand that when we talk about Italian nationalism we talk about a 00:01:45

nation it means a group of people that speak the same language Italian that 00:01:49

they have some cultural aspects in common we are talking about the Italian 00:01:54

Peninsula so the people living there third that they have the right to create 00:02:00

their own state and they created it in 1870 but the fourth one the four characteristics of of 00:02:05

nationalism is to have a specific frontiers and you need to understand that when we talk about 00:02:11

the specific frontiers are frontiers that nationalism this ideology thinks they have 00:02:19

the right to have it means these are some boundaries frontiers that in their imagination 00:02:26

in their minds are supposed to be the natural frontiers okay of that country in this case of 00:02:35

italy so the problem is when in 1870 italy was created italian nationalism wasn't uh was 00:02:44

unsatisfied it means this nationalism this italian nationalism wanted a specific frontiers 00:02:53

but they couldn't reach these frontiers so keep this in mind after italian unification 00:03:01

italian nationalist people or italian nationalism this ideology wanted a specific frontiers from 00:03:09

for italy a specific natural frontiers for italy but they couldn't get these frontiers 00:03:16

So this basic idea, this basic idea related with Italian nationalism is crucial in order to understand the first characteristic about Italy after the First World War. 00:03:23

the thing is Italy in the First World War in the beginning was allied with Germany and Austria-Hungary 00:03:38

so it means Italy was the ally of Germany and Austria-Hungary against France, Great Britain and also Russia 00:03:50

but what is going to happen? 00:03:59

you know that during the First World War Italy is going to change side 00:04:02

is going to abandon Germany and Austria-Hungary and is going to join the other side, the side 00:04:06

formed by the Entente, France, Great Britain and Russia. 00:04:16

The thing is, or the question is, why Italy in 1915 is going to change side in the First 00:04:21

World War? 00:04:30

The answer is easy and is related to this nationalist claim. 00:04:31

It means to this nationalist claim of a specific frontiers for Italy, the natural frontiers 00:04:39

for Italy. 00:04:46

So the idea is France, Great Britain and Italy are going to sign the Treaty of London. 00:04:48

Based on this treaty, Italy, if they won the war against Germany and Austria-Hungary, will obtain those boundaries. 00:04:55

The problem is, after the war, Italy is going to obtain some territories, but not all the territories the nationalist Italians are going to claim for. 00:05:07

So let's check these maps. 00:05:22

This brown territory is Italy before the First World War 00:05:24

After the First World War, Italy is going to acquire this territory and this territory 00:05:31

It means Istria and Trentino 00:05:36

But these territories are not the only ones demanded by Italian nationalism in the Treaty of London 00:05:38

So the idea is they were asking not only for Istria and Trentino, these regions here, but all these regions, all these territories in green, especially this region, Dalmatia, with this city, Fiume. 00:05:52

So the idea is that Italian nationalism was claiming for new territories in order to have the natural boundaries they were asking since the very beginning, since 1870, when Italy was created. 00:06:10

Okay, so they are going to change side during the First World War 00:06:33

Signing this treaty the Treaty of London in order to obtain all these territories 00:06:38

Not only Istria and Trentino, but also Dalmatia with Fiume and these other regions 00:06:44

What is the problem after the First World War Italy is not going to obtain all the territories is going to obtain 00:06:50

Trentino and Istria 00:06:58

but they are not going to acquire Dalmatia and Fiume, that they were the most important territories for them, okay, also these other territories, but these were specifically the most important for them, okay, so that's why this is the first characteristic of Italy after the First World War, 00:06:59

that there is a disappointment inside the Italian nationalism 00:07:20

because in the peace agreements they are not going to acquire all the territories 00:07:24

the Treaty of London established for Italy after the war. 00:07:30

It means in the peace agreements Italy is going to obtain these two territories 00:07:35

but it's not going to obtain all the other territories 00:07:40

that the nationalists have been claiming since 1870. 00:07:43

so that's why they changed sides during the First World War because Italian 00:07:47

nationalists were saying okay this is the moment we are going to acquire these 00:07:53

territories that we have been claiming as our natural boundaries since 1870 the 00:07:57

problem is they are not going to get all these territories what is going what is 00:08:05

going to happen or why is important to know that they are going to obtain only 00:08:10

these two territories are not all the territories they were claiming in the 00:08:15

Treaty of London because this is one of the reasons why nationalist people or 00:08:20

Italian nationalist people is going to support fascism because fascism is going 00:08:27

to claim to create a huge state a huge Italy a big Italy okay a great Italy 00:08:34

ok remember that the the the the slogan of Trump make America great again so the 00:08:42

idea is they want to create a great Italy and in order to do that they need 00:08:51

these territories because these are the natural frontiers of Italy they are 00:08:56

going to say that their nationalism is based on these frontiers ok so in the 00:09:00

First World War they change side in order to obtain these territories but 00:09:07

they are going to obtain only these two territories okay this is the first 00:09:10

characteristic of Italy after the First World War and this is really important 00:09:15

please keep this in mind that Italian nationalism is claiming for new 00:09:20

territories they were supposed to obtain these territories after the First World 00:09:24

War but they obtained only a few of them not all of them second Italy is going to 00:09:28

be characterized by a political instability it means they are going to 00:09:35

have for example five different governments in just three years okay so 00:09:40

from 1919 till 1922 five different governments so it means the democracy in 00:09:45

Italy is unstable okay is not balanced okay is not giving stability to the to 00:09:52

the to the country so the idea is Italy was characterized not only by this 00:10:03

nationalism claiming for these territories and being against these 00:10:08

peace agreements after the First World War but also there is a political 00:10:13

instability because we are going to have a lot of different governments in a few 00:10:18

in a few years okay the third characteristic is human the human and 00:10:22

economic consequences of the First World War Italy is going to participate in 00:10:30

this First World War and it's going to have a around 700,000 casualties it 00:10:34

means dead people okay also as there were battles in Italian territory 00:10:40

industries part of the industry so some industries are going to be destroyed 00:10:48

okay and also they are going to have a high foreign debt what is the meaning of 00:10:52

these three things okay human and economic consequences the 00:10:59

First World War 700,000 casualties easy to understand we are going to have a lot 00:11:02

of dead people second industries are going to be destroyed thanks to the 00:11:08

battles so we cannot produce in the same level as we were doing before the First 00:11:12

World War so this is an unimportant economic problem okay the last one is 00:11:19

is the high foreign debt so the thing is during the first world war italy is going to ask for 00:11:26

loans it's going to ask for money to different banks but they are going to be foreign banks or 00:11:34

foreign governments the problem is after the first world war they need to give back this money 00:11:40

and if we add that we have said that they had 700 000 casualties and also the industries were 00:11:47

almost destroyed in most cases so they have no possibility to give back this money the economy 00:11:54

is not going to grow and they have lost a lot of human lives so what is going to cause all this 00:12:02

characteristic all this economic crisis and demographic crisis is going to cause that the 00:12:11

cost of living rose or is going to rise it means that everything is going to be more expensive 00:12:18

after the first world war because we are producing less so we have remember the law of offer and 00:12:24

demand if the offer is low and the demand is high the prices are going to increase so the cost of 00:12:31

living is going to rise second low wages it means low salaries we are not producing that much the 00:12:38

Companies are not getting that much profit. So the wages the salaries are going to be low 00:12:46

Okay, and finally 00:12:53

Unemployment is going to keep growing. Okay, so the idea is the economic and social 00:12:55

Situation is really difficult. We are going to have a lot of the people 00:13:02

We are going to have destroy industry 00:13:07

So the production is going to decrease industrial production is going to decrease and also 00:13:09

Italy is going to have a high foreign debt it's going to have a high foreign 00:13:14

debt because they were asking for money in order to keep fighting during the 00:13:19

First World War so thanks to that now after the war they need to pay back this 00:13:23

money what is going what are which are the consequences of these of these 00:13:28

characteristics that the cost of living is going to rise it means the things the 00:13:34

products we are going to buy they are going to buy are more expensive second 00:13:39

the salaries are going to be lower because these industries are not getting 00:13:44

that much profit and also the unemployment is going to start rising 00:13:48

okay there is no a job for everyone so unemployment is going to keep growing so 00:13:53

let's check some data for example this chart is showing you the amount of 00:14:01

people that in the First World War related with the countries of the 00:14:10

Entente if you check the Russian Empire is going to look is going to suffer the 00:14:15

30 percent of the casualties are going to be Russian the 25 percent French the 00:14:21

16% British and a 12% are going to be Italians so is a high percentage second 00:14:27

if we check the prices of the food and clothes before the war and this is 00:14:35

during the war and after the war check imagine the food the price of the food 00:14:41

is hundred during in 1913 so imagine the food and the clothes are going to have a 00:14:46

a specific price in 1913 that is why is written hundred here so we are going to 00:14:53

see with reference to this to this I will say it with reference to these 00:15:00

prices how they are going to decrease or how they are going to increase if you 00:15:08

check food in 1913 is food sorry in 1921 is going to be more than four times the 00:15:13

price of 1913 while when we talk about clothes the clothes in 1921 are going to 00:15:22

be almost seven times more expensive than in 1913 so if you check the price 00:15:31

the prices of clothes and food well in case of food they are going to decrease 00:15:39

in 1914 but after that is increase increase increase increase increase and 00:15:43

continue increasing due to these characteristics due to the people there 00:15:49

due to the industry destroyed and due to the foreign debt that they need to pay 00:15:54

back so the idea with clothes the clothes are going to be more expensive 00:16:00

since the very beginning in 1914 they are a 11.1 points and more expensive in 00:16:05

the next one is 18.6 and show on until we reach this a this number that is 00:16:12

going to be 19 in 1921 is almost seven times more expensive the clothes that 00:16:19

rather in comparison with a 1913 prices so what you are going to see or you can 00:16:25

check in 1920 is almost a 100% more expensive okay almost 10 sorry a almost 00:16:33

ten times more expensive so the idea is the food and the clothes are going to be 00:16:40

more expensive during the First World War and after the war because of the 00:16:46

reason they need to pay this foreign debt and the industries were destroyed 00:16:51

this is going to affect to the cost of living of living that means that is 00:16:56

going to increase there are going to be a low wages low wages it means low 00:17:02

salaries and unemployment is going to grow, so people cannot buy. If you relate 00:17:09

these ideas with the crisis in 1929 you'll understand why they are having 00:17:13

these economic problems. So these are the three characteristics. The 00:17:20

disappointment of Italian nationalism with the peace agreements because of the 00:17:25

territories they are not going to acquire and they were granted in the 00:17:31

Treaty of London. Second, political instability and we need to add them the 00:17:34

economic and demographic crisis. 700,000 casualties and industries destroyed, 00:17:39

foreign debt that is going to cause a cost living rose or that is going to 00:17:44

rise, low wages and unemployment. The fourth characteristic is there is going 00:17:52

to be a great social tension but this characteristic is not only is not going 00:17:58

be just for Italy is going to be for Germany is going to be for and I will 00:18:05

say for Austria etc all these all these countries that they have participated in 00:18:12

the First World War why we are going to have this great social tension okay we 00:18:18

are going to have workers strikes and farmers are going to occupy the lands 00:18:24

and workers are going to control the factories why we are going to have this 00:18:29

strikes, these demonstrations, these revolutionary movements. We are going to 00:18:33

have all these revolutionary movements because of two main reasons. The first 00:18:38

one is because of the economic and social situation. If the industry has 00:18:42

been destroyed, if we have this debt, if we have low salaries, if unemployment is 00:18:47

increasing and the cost of living is more expensive now than ever, of course 00:18:52

there are going to be strikes saying okay we want higher salaries, we want to 00:18:58

be to be employed what we want is to have the cost of living to decrease okay 00:19:03

so that the farmers are going to occupy lands because they do not want to suffer 00:19:10

famine the workers are going to size are going to control or size it is the same 00:19:15

the same meaning the factories in order to produce and control the production 00:19:21

and also the profit okay so the idea is we are going to have excuse me we are going to have 00:19:29

this great social tension because of this social and economic problems the second reason we are 00:19:37

going to have this great social tension is because of the Russian Revolution remember the Russian 00:19:45

revolution has succeeded in 1917 okay and this Russian Revolution has proved 00:19:54

that the revolution is possible so all these people all these socialists or 00:20:01

communists in Italy wants the revolution in order to establish a communist 00:20:06

country as Russians has done or have done so the idea is we are going to have 00:20:11

the social tension because of the the social conditions that they are going to 00:20:18

be worse than before the First World War okay so the farmers are going to occupy 00:20:23

the lands and the workers are going to size the factory they are going to 00:20:28

control the factories and the second reason is because of the Russian 00:20:33

Revolution the Russian Revolution is an example for the socialist and the 00:20:37

communist Italians so as is an example they want to establish a communist 00:20:42

country in Italy okay they want to carry out a communist revolution in Italy 00:20:50

along with these workers strikes we are going to have the conservative reaction 00:20:59

it means the conservative class is in the people with money the landowners 00:21:06

okay that they are losing their lands because the farmers are occupying them 00:21:11

or the bourgeoisie that control the factory that they are looking at the 00:21:17

workers that they are controlling the factories because they are rebelling and 00:21:21

controlling the factories are going to fear a workers revolution they do not 00:21:24

want a communist revolution in Italy so these conservative classes that they do 00:21:31

not want this revolution they are going to support a specific group of people a 00:21:37

A group of people that is going to be in favor of Italian nationalism, that is going to be strong enough to end with the political instability, and is going to promise to change the economic and social situation, to develop and improve the economic and social situation. 00:21:43

this group is going to be fascism fascism was created this ideology and this political and 00:22:07

social movement was created by benito mussolini so these conservative classes the ones with money 00:22:16

are going to support fascism in order to do what to stop the workers revolution in order to kill 00:22:23

them so they are going to pay these fascists these people in order to attack the workers that they 00:22:31

are in a strike so they are carrying out a demonstration to attack the farmers that they 00:22:41

are occupying the lands or the workers controlling the factories okay so it's like the conservative 00:22:45

classes are paying someone in order to end with these people because the farmers are occupying 00:22:52

the lands of the landowners and the workers the factories of the bourgeoisie also they are going 00:22:58

to support the fastest or the fastest people because they are italian nationalists so they 00:23:04

are in favor they are against these peace agreements and in favor of acquiring these 00:23:10

territories because they promise a political stability a strong government and also because 00:23:15

Because they are going to promise to solve the industrial problems and to end with the foreign debt. 00:23:23

So these are the four main characteristics of Italy before or after the war. 00:23:31

It means post-war Italy and they are going to explain or these are the basis of fascism reaching power in Italy. 00:23:35

So let's see how fascism is going to rise power or is going to size power in Italy. 00:23:45

The first thing you need to know is that Benito Mussolini created the Fasti di Combattimento in 1919 00:23:53

Los Fastios de Combate 00:24:01

¿Qué quiere decir esto? 00:24:04

He is going to create a group called Fasti di Combattimento 00:24:05

That they are a paramilitary group 00:24:11

What means paramilitary? 00:24:15

Means people with guns, with weapons 00:24:17

That they are not military 00:24:21

but they are going to act that they as they were in the army okay this name the 00:24:23

name of these paramilitary groups are the black shirts and what they are going 00:24:31

to fight we are going to do is to fight against this labor movement using 00:24:37

violence so remember the people with money the landowners the bourgeoisie is 00:24:42

going to pay this fasti di combattimento in order to use violence against the 00:24:48

labor movement against the strikes against the demonstration against 00:24:54

socialist or communist politicians okay why Benito Mussolini is going to create 00:24:58

this a group of people because he he wants to gather all these people that 00:25:05

they are Italian nationalists that they are against this labor movement that 00:25:12

they have an idea of how to create a great Italy to make Italy great again 00:25:17

okay but because they are going to look back to the Roman Empire and they are 00:25:25

going to try to create another Roman Empire they are going to say okay we are 00:25:31

going to make Italy great again we we must remember the Roman Empire and we 00:25:35

are we are Romans we are still Romans we can fight and create again an empire so 00:25:41

the idea is this FACI the combative mental are disparate paramilitary group 00:25:49

grupos paramilitares paramilitar quiere decir eso tienen armas no son militares 00:25:53

pero actúan como tales okay they are not legal groups they and they were 00:25:59

called black shirts why they are going to be called this way okay let's see 00:26:05

first Mussolini here is Benito Mussolini as you can see he's dressed up as an as 00:26:09

a general and here are the black shirts they are going to be called black shirts 00:26:16

because they are wearing black shirts okay if you see all of them are dressed 00:26:22

up as military people military people and they were wearing these specific 00:26:29

has that they are from the army the Italian army and they are all young people okay so these are 00:26:36

people that they are in favor of Italian nationalism that they could die for Italy 00:26:43

in order to make Italy as I said great again okay and that they are going to have a specific 00:26:49

idea of how to solve the problems in Italy that means an authoritarian regime it means no democracy 00:26:56

and to use violence in order to end with the labor movement. 00:27:04

Why these fastidio combatimento are going to survive? 00:27:12

Because the people with money, landowners and the bourgeoisie 00:27:16

is going to pay them in order to fight against the labor movement. 00:27:21

So they are going to appear in 1919. 00:27:27

From 1919 till 1921 these are the worst years of fascism, of Benito Mussolini, he has not 00:27:29

that much money, he has created these groups but they are a minority, but in 1921 as money 00:27:39

from the bourgeoisie and also the landowners is coming to Benito Mussolini and is paying 00:27:48

the fasti di combattimento they are going to turn into a political party and this political party 00:27:56

is going to call national remember nationalism national fastest party and we are going to see 00:28:03

now the goals of this national fastest party so the idea is in the beginning they were just 00:28:10

paramilitary groups they were called fasti di combattimento they were just paramilitary groups 00:28:17

Their goal to use violence against the labor movement in favor of whom? 00:28:23

In favor of the bourgeoisie and in favor of the landowners 00:28:29

In 1821 they turn into a party 00:28:33

They are strong enough in order to be a party a political party and to try to win a political elections 00:28:36

So this national fascist party has these goals 00:28:45

First to stop the revolution. Well, this is the first goal they had right? 00:28:48

to stop, to avoid a communist or a socialist revolution. 00:28:53

Second, they want to build a stronger state 00:28:59

to protect private property. 00:29:02

Remember, they want to make Italy great again. 00:29:04

They want a stronger state that is going to control Italy 00:29:09

and is going to make Italy strong enough 00:29:13

to fight the other countries. 00:29:16

And also, what they want is to protect private property. 00:29:18

Why they want to protect private property? Because the people that they are paying this 00:29:22

fastidio combatimento are the people that they want their private property to be protected. 00:29:28

Remember, private property was criticized by Marxism, which means socialism and communism. 00:29:35

So, of course, fascism cannot be in favor of this, cannot be against private property. 00:29:45

they must be in favor of private property and they are also in favor of private property because 00:29:52

is the bourgeoisie and is the uh not only the bourgeoisie but the the landlords the the land 00:29:58

owners the ones that they are going to pay them in order to end with the labor movement thanks to 00:30:08

that money the the this fastidio combatimento has grown enough to create a political party 00:30:13

which is the other characteristic the expansionist foreign policy as I said they want to rebuild to 00:30:20

create again the Roman Empire so these in red are the territories of Italy these are the different 00:30:28

the different colonies and during the First World War Italy is going to start expanding to Dalmatia 00:30:37

Do you remember these territories that the nationalism, the Italian nationalism was claiming in the Treaty of London? 00:30:45

So they are going to expand and conquer the territories that they thought the Italian nationalism thought are the natural boundaries of Italy. 00:30:52

So the idea is during the First World War, they are going to take advantage of the situation and expand. 00:31:06

conquer greece conquer part of creta they are going to conquer the dalmatian coast part of 00:31:11

savoy and french territory corsica tunisia part of egypt and also these territories that they are 00:31:20

that they are part of sudan the the british part of the british empire and the french the the 00:31:27

Somalia, okay? So the idea is they have these three goals to stop the 00:31:35

revolution, it means the communist or socialist revolution, to build a strong 00:31:41

state to protect the private property, because remember who is paying them, the 00:31:46

rich people, and expansionist foreign policy, because they are 00:31:50

nationalists, so they want the natural frontiers of Italy, they are not going to 00:31:55

accept the frontiers obtained after the first world war so remember what they want is this 00:32:01

to create again the roman empire of course they know that is not going to be possible to conquer 00:32:09

all these territories but this is what they want at least their ideals not what they are going to 00:32:17

get but the ideas if you check they have conquered all this coast so they are conquered all this 00:32:25

coast and they have a span to the west okay and conquer part of Savoy and 00:32:30

French territories and Corsica so they were creating their own Empire at least 00:32:36

during the Second World War they are going to fail but they want it or this 00:32:42

is one of the basis of Italian fascism so what is going to happen 00:32:47

oh no what you're going to happen who is going to support this political party so 00:32:53

as you can see there is young people so what we are going to have is the petty 00:32:59

bourgeoisie it means those the bourgeoisie that they have the worst 00:33:03

living conditions the Catholic Church remember socialism and communism was 00:33:09

against the church so the Catholic people the Catholic Church is going to 00:33:14

support nationalism fascism the petty bourgeoisie that they are in a bad 00:33:19

social and economic condition are going to support of also fascism the King 00:33:25

Victor Manuel the third is going to support also fascism here is Victor 00:33:33

Manuel and finally the agricultural and industrial land owners it means the 00:33:38

rich people the landowners the ones that they are controlling most of the lands 00:33:46

the land that they are controlling the different factories so who is supporting 00:33:51

the the fastest the national fastest party the catholic church because the catholic church is 00:33:55

going to be threatened amenazada by the the communist and socialist revolution the petty 00:34:03

bourgeoisie and the agricultural land owners that they feel that they are threatened also by the 00:34:10

revolution the labor revolution because this petty bourgeoisie cannot fight against the trade unions 00:34:16

etc and the king victor manuel the third because he knows that if a revolution a communist revolution 00:34:23

breaks out in italy maybe he is going to be executed as nicolas segundo in russia so these 00:34:30

are the supporters of fascism and they are supporting fascism in the beginning because 00:34:38

they want them to fight the labor movement but as time goes on also this nationalism is going to be 00:34:43

part of the reasons why they are going to support the party and also the protection 00:34:50

of the private. 00:34:58

So what is going to happen? 00:35:01

In 1922 there are going to be elections, the National Fascist Party is going to participate 00:35:02

in this election and it's going to get 22 deputies out of 500. 00:35:08

So they get a minority, a tiny minority of the Parliament. 00:35:13

what is going to happen how how if they had just 22 deputies are going to reach 00:35:19

power why why and how they are going to reach power okay the problem is this 00:35:25

what we are going to see in Italy is weak governments okay the situation the 00:35:31

economic and social situation is is even worse than in 1919 it means the prices 00:35:38

the living costs are really high remember that they need to pay the foreign debt okay that the 00:35:44

industry has not recovered yet okay so the economic situation is really bad and also the social 00:35:51

situation we are going to have these general strikes they are demanding what better salaries 00:35:58

okay they want to control the factories they want to control the land okay so what we are going to 00:36:04

have is these general strikes, huelgas generales carried out by socialists and anarchist unions, 00:36:10

it means trade unions, sindicatos, okay, and also these weak governments. What is going to happen? 00:36:17

Mussolini is going to say this is not possible, okay, this is not possible, we must make Italy 00:36:24

great again, we have weak governments, they are not controlling the situation, we are having these 00:36:32

general strikes carried out by socialist and anarchist unions they are going to finally reach 00:36:39

power and they are going to carry out this socialist or communist revolution so Mussolini 00:36:45

is going to demand to be called to govern even when he has only 22 deputies he said I'm the only 00:36:52

one that can save the situation that can change the situation that can control the situation 00:37:01

so he's going to demand the government to someone the unique person that can give the power to 00:37:07

Mussolini because he has only 22 deputies this person is Victor Manuel III Victor Manuel III 00:37:15

so how Mussolini is going to get the power because Victor Manuel III is going to give the power to 00:37:23

Mussolini but not in the beginning okay Victor Manuel is not going to be sure to give the power 00:37:30

to Mussolini he understand that he has weak governments he understand that the 00:37:36

social situation is not good that these general strikes are a threatened and 00:37:41

maybe he is going to lost or lose the power so Mussolini is going to take 00:37:46

action and is going to do this is going to do the March on Rome in October 1922 00:37:54

What is the march on Rome? It is just a demonstration in the streets of Rome of 300,000 black shirts. 00:38:02

And these people, along with part of the Italian army, are going to call, are going to demand to Victor Manuel III to give the power to Mussolini. 00:38:15

Es lo que en español diríamos una demostración de fuerza, que quiere decir, oye, Víctor Manuel, yo, Mussolini, tengo 300.000 camisas negras y parte del ejército de mi lado, apóyame y soluciono la situación. 00:38:28

So the king is going to call Mussolini to govern the country 00:38:44

So that's why in 1922 Mussolini is going to reach power 00:38:49

Because Victor Manuel III is going to give him the power 00:38:54

But he's going to give him the power after this march on Rome 00:38:58

Let's see a picture 00:39:02

You see Mussolini 00:39:03

You see everyone has the black shirts 00:39:05

Because they are black shirts 00:39:09

Remember they are 300,000 00:39:10

Remember the fastest greeting, the fastest symbols 00:39:12

And also the different condecorations they obtained during the First World War 00:39:22

So part of the army, part of the people of the army are supporting this person 00:39:28

Benito Mussolini 00:39:33

So after the march on Rome, Mussolini is going to reach power 00:39:35

this is how fascism is going to reach power in italy well let's see this chart this chart are 00:39:41

the characteristics of fascism so first the first one is the fascism is going to 00:39:54

exaltate the state over the individual it is going to say okay it's a nationalist perspective 00:40:00

The state is more important than the individuals, okay? 00:40:06

So they are going to say, okay, Italy is more important than you 00:40:11

You must sacrifice yourself for Italy 00:40:14

So that's the idea, okay? 00:40:17

To exaltate, to say that the state is more important than the individuals, okay? 00:40:20

The collective, the nation that is going to be the state is more important than the individuals 00:40:25

in second place what we are going to have is an aggressive nationalism okay that they want this 00:40:32

territorial expansion and also racism racism and persecution of minority groups so the idea is they 00:40:39

are going to say the state is more important than the individuals and also they want a territorial 00:40:48

expansion why because they are nationalists so they are they want to get the natural boundaries 00:40:52

of Italy those natural boundaries established by nationalism the Italian 00:41:01

nationalism okay and in order to to get that to get this territorial expansion 00:41:07

they are going to be racist and they are going to persecute any minority group 00:41:13

that is going to be against Italian nationalism okay so they are going to 00:41:19

have a specific idea of what is Italy how is the Italian nation and what do 00:41:25

they have in order to make this nation stronger to make a stronger state so the 00:41:32

territorial expansion racism racism it means we must be Italians and also to 00:41:39

persecute the minorities that they are not going to be Italians okay or they 00:41:45

are against the Italian nationalism also of course they are going to reject 00:41:51

liberalism and democracy of course they cannot get the power thanks to democracy 00:41:56

remember 22 deputies are out of 500 so they might as a minority of the 00:42:02

population were supporting were supporting fascism so they are not going 00:42:10

to support democracy they want an authoritarian state it means the power is going to be in hands 00:42:17

of the fastest people and they must control everything okay they are going to reject 00:42:23

liberalism it means they are going to reject individual rights because the important thing 00:42:29

is the state they are going to reject a constitution they are going to reject democracy 00:42:35

and of course they are going to reject communism they are not going to be in favor of communism 00:42:41

remember they were born to fight against communist or socialist revolution so in order to preserve 00:42:47

the state in order to carry out this policy what they need is an authoritarian state a state 00:42:55

with all the power in order to change the society and to change the italian boundaries 00:43:01

the Italian frontiers of course they are going to say if the state is more 00:43:09

important than individuals the state is more important than one rich person so 00:43:14

the state should intervene in economy okay to give a fair social conditions to 00:43:18

everyone to the rich and to the poor people okay so a state intervention in 00:43:26

economy it means they are going to set the prices they are going to create a 00:43:33

public companies remember the New Deal after the after the crisis of 1929 so 00:43:36

part of these ideas are going to be accepted by the fascist regime they want 00:43:43

the state as the most powerful as the most powerful character in the society 00:43:49

and also what they want as and as it is the most powerful character in the 00:43:56

society this state must intervene in economy okay of course there must be a cult of the charismatic 00:44:04

leader it means they are going to venerate Mussolini okay and there is going to be a blind 00:44:12

obedience to Mussolini if Mussolini says we need to attack France we are going to attack France 00:44:19

if Mussolini says we are going to conquer Tunisia we are going to conquer Tunisia 00:44:25

because there is a cult they are going to believe in this leader and this 00:44:29

leader is almost like a god is not a god is not a religion but there is going to 00:44:35

be some characteristics related with fascism that they are close to religion 00:44:41

okay so they are going to venerate this leader 00:44:46

They are going to venerate him, they believe in him above all and that is why there is going to be a closed obedience to him, ok? 00:44:50

And finally, this fascism is based on a legitimation of violence and cult of militarism, ok? 00:44:58

It means, militarism is really important. 00:45:06

remember most of the people that they are in the fastest in the fastest party 00:45:09

fought in the First World War so they they they truly believe in war they 00:45:19

think that the best way to solve the problems is by using violence so there 00:45:25

is an important influence of the First World War in this specific characteristic. It means 00:45:32

mucha gente que participa en este, que va a ser parte de este partido han luchado en la Primera 00:45:40

Guerra Mundial, añoran la Primera Guerra Mundial y por eso van a legitimar el uso de la violencia 00:45:47

y el culto al militarismo, es decir, a la vida en la trinchera, a la vida en el ejército, ¿de acuerdo? 00:45:54

so they remember these moments in the first world war and they are going to venerate they are going 00:45:59

to cult there is going to be a cult of militarism and they are going to legitimate the violence so 00:46:05

violence is possible violence is another weapon in order to change the society in order to carry 00:46:11

out all these policies okay so let's review it quickly the state is going to be over the 00:46:18

individual the state is the most important thing the nation right Italy 00:46:24

second there is going to be an aggressive nationalism they want this 00:46:28

territorial expansion in order to acquire the natural boundaries 00:46:32

established by the Italian nationalism they are going to reject of course 00:46:37

democracy communism and liberalism and what they want is an authoritarian state 00:46:43

they said okay only if the state has all the power can change the situation okay 00:46:48

can get this territorial expansion, can intervene in the economy in order to change the social and 00:46:54

economic situation. They are going to fight against unemployment, they are going to try to give 00:47:03

a job to everyone. And finally these two last. The first one is the call to the charismatic leader, 00:47:10

that they are going to obey blindly it means they are going to obey anyway and 00:47:17

they are going to believe in this leader Mussolini and finally the legitimation 00:47:23

of violence on the cult of militarism it means militarism is really important 00:47:29

they are sons of the First World War so they are going to believe that violence 00:47:34

is an option in order to solve the political social and economic problems 00:47:42

so these are the characteristic of fascism so if you want to say okay this 00:47:48

political party is fastest they need they need to fulfill these specific 00:47:53

characteristics if someone you are going to say what you are fastest this person 00:47:59

must believe on these things the problem is nowadays we can find a party or a person that 00:48:06

is going to be in favor of one of these measures but not all of them can we call this person fastest 00:48:14

or this party fastest not really we can call it with that this person or this party is going to 00:48:22

have fastest tendencies, because they have characteristics of fastest regime but not 00:48:31

all of them, ok? 00:48:36

So let's go with the last slide, let's see the fastest regime, how Mussolini is going 00:48:39

to build it and the characteristics of this fastest regime. 00:48:44

So the first thing is, remember, Mussolini is going to reach power in 1922, ok? 00:48:49

Because Victor Manuel III is going to give the power to Mussolini. 00:48:55

So from 1922 to 1924 what Mussolini is going to do is to try to get as much power as he 00:49:00

can and in order to do that he is going to persecute his opponents. 00:49:10

It means Communists, Socialists, Christian Democrats. 00:49:15

Remember why the Christian Democrats if they are conservative? 00:49:20

Because they are Democrats. 00:49:23

They are in favor of liberalism, they are in favor of democracy. 00:49:25

remember fascism is against democracy and is against liberalism so Mussolini 00:49:29

is going to reach power in October 1922 and he is going to start persecute his 00:49:36

opponents all of them but he's going to keep up the presence of a part the 00:49:41

pretence of a parliamentary regime it means he's going to start persecute all 00:49:49

his political enemies all his political opponents but he is going to keep the 00:49:55

Parliament open okay he has not power enough okay to avoid or to close the 00:50:01

Parliament it means to have an absolute power so in the beginning in these two 00:50:08

years from 1922 to 1924 Mussolini is going to have is going to get more and 00:50:13

more power by persecuting the opponents the political opponents okay and keeping 00:50:19

the Parliament open but in 1924 there are going to be elections Mussolini is 00:50:26

not going to risk these elections is not going to present is not going to carry 00:50:35

out a fair elections he's going to win the elections due to an electoral fraud 00:50:41

okay and after this electoral fraud when he is going to get the majority of the 00:50:48

Parliament he is going to establish them the fastest regime the authoritarian 00:50:54

regime okay so these elections that they are going to be fake elections that they 00:51:00

are going to be manipulated by the fastest people are going to give the 00:51:07

power to the fastest but is going to give the all the power he is going to 00:51:12

establish now an authoritarian regime okay so from 1920 to 1924 he is going to 00:51:17

get more power and persecute his opponents but keep the Parliament 00:51:24

pretend pretend that Italy steals in Italy the democracy is surviving in 00:51:28

Italy but in 1924 when the elections are carried out okay he is going to carry 00:51:37

out the he is going to and he is going to make electoral fraud okay in order to 00:51:42

have the majority of the Parliament to control the Parliament and establish the 00:51:50

authoritarian regime you understand he is going to persecute the opponents he 00:51:54

is going to keep the Parliament because he needs a new elections where he is 00:51:59

going to have the control of the Parliament he is going to carry out a 00:52:03

the fake elections, of course, there is going to be electoral fraud, but he keeps opening the 00:52:08

parliament in order to be able to do this. Why? Because if the people don't know that there has 00:52:15

been electoral fraud, they are going to believe most of the population in Italy is supporting 00:52:22

Mussolini. And if he controls the parliament, okay, with a vast majority, he can establish 00:52:27

the authoritarian regime and that's what is he is going to do so let's see how 00:52:34

he's going to establish this authoritarian regime when he establishes 00:52:40

this type of regime Mussolini is going to acquire a total power he is going to 00:52:45

be a dictator he is going to have all the power okay forget the king the king 00:52:50

is going to be there but the king he is going to say nothing okay Mussolini has 00:52:54

won the elections is true that is thanks to this electoral fraud but he has won 00:52:59

the elections okay he is going to control the Parliament so that Mussolini 00:53:05

is going to acquire a total power and after that he is going to ban he's going 00:53:09

to prohibit all the political parties so so long communists goodbye socialist 00:53:14

goodbye Christian Democrats okay so that's it we he is going to end in 1924 00:53:21

after the elections and after he controls the parliament he is going to end with the political 00:53:28

parties he is going to acquire a total power and he is going to establish the dictatorship that is 00:53:33

an authoritarian regime it means a strong state controlled only by one person Mussolini but 00:53:39

remember Mussolini remember the characteristics cult of the characteristics leader Mussolini and 00:53:47

blind obedience to this leader that is Mussolini so the thing is he's going to acquire the power 00:53:53

and the people is going to start venerate or is going to start venerating Mussolini 00:54:01

other characteristics of this authoritarian regime the political leaders are going to be 00:54:07

imprisoned it means the political parties are going to be banned and the political leaders 00:54:14

impression and the Parliament is going to be replaced by an assembly that this 00:54:18

is going not is not going to have power that is the chamber of fasti it means la 00:54:25

camera del fasti ballet in Spanish so this chamber of fasti is going to be 00:54:32

just an assembly where Mussolini is going to ask for opinion but Mussolini 00:54:38

is the one that has all the power the the one that is going to make the 00:54:43

decisions okay so there is no more political parties after in 1924 except 00:54:48

for the fastest national party second the political leaders are going to be 00:54:54

imprisoned he is going to acquire all the power and he is going to change 00:54:59

replace the Parliament the Democratic Parliament for or with this chamber of 00:55:03

of fasti it means this specific assembly that is going to give that is is just 00:55:09

going to give the opinion okay it's going to Mussolini is going to ask for 00:55:18

its opinion but in the end the one that is making the decisions is Mussolini so 00:55:23

of course the strikes are going to be banned we do not want any type of we do 00:55:30

do not want any type of a revolution so the strikes are going to be banned okay and also 00:55:36

the unions are going to be banned they are going to be replaced by cooperative unions i need to 00:55:42

explain this in spanish because it's not easy to explain it in english and maybe you are not going 00:55:49

to understand it okay i will explain it in english and after that in spanish okay so strikes were 00:55:54

banned so no one can carry out a strike because it's illegal so if you try to carry out it we 00:56:00

are going to send the black shirts or the police or even the army in order to 00:56:06

stop the strike second he is going to end with the unions remember who was 00:56:11

organizing the the strikes the unions so he is going to replace the unions by 00:56:16

this cooperative unions what is a cooperative union okay let's think of 00:56:22

the trade unions nowadays do you think a rich people is going to be in a trade 00:56:28

union probably not right he doesn't need or she doesn't need to be in a union in order to defend 00:56:33

his or her rights so the thing is the unions are made of workers they are made of poor people 00:56:41

that they are going to unify they are going to gather together in order to fight for their rights 00:56:48

okay so Mussolini what he's going to say is okay we are Italians we are all equal even when these 00:56:53

people this person is rich and this person is poor both are italian so both are equally important 00:57:02

both are the same so both are supposed to be in the same union it means imagine in amazon okay 00:57:10

imagine the whole class is working for amazon and imagine i'm the businessman of or the manager of 00:57:19

Amazon I'm not going to be in the union because I'm the manager I have my rights protected but 00:57:26

you the workers has not your right protected that's why you create a union what is going to 00:57:33

say Mussolini as we all in Amazon are Italians as we all are a part of the same nation the union 00:57:38

must have all these people not only the workers but also the manager but also the businessmen 00:57:47

so the idea is in this cooperative unions what we are going to find is people from the same job 00:57:53

but with different social conditions it means rich people along with poor people 00:57:59

of course who is going to control these cooperative unions not the poor people the rich 00:58:05

people. So in Spanish would be sindicatos corporativos, ¿vale? El corporativismo, los sindicatos corporativos o un estado corporativo significa que en la sociedad lo que prima es la nacionalidad. Todos somos españoles o todos somos italianos. Y que no tiene que haber ningún tipo de sindicato simplemente por la clase social. Es decir, somos los trabajadores en el sindicato. No, sois 00:58:13

el sindicato de los trabajadores de Amazon o los profesores, etc. Por ejemplo, ¿un profesor de 00:58:43

universidad cobra lo mismo que uno de infantil? No, pero en un régimen fascista todos estarían 00:58:50

en el mismo sindicato. ¿Quién lo lideraría? ¿Quién tiene más dinero? Es decir, el profesor 00:58:55

de universidad. En el caso de Amazon, el directivo de Amazon. So that's what he's creating. He tries 00:59:02

to eliminate this fight between the poor and rich people making them being in the same union 00:59:09

a cooperative union with rich and poor people in the same union okay so that's the idea the 00:59:21

Mussolini is going to acquire all the power the political party are going to be banned 00:59:28

the political leaders are going to be in prison, the parliament is going to be 00:59:35

repressed by this chamber that is not going to have political power, the 00:59:39

decisions are going to be made by Mussolini, the strikes are going to be 00:59:43

banned and the unions are going to change in these cooperative unions where 00:59:47

we are going to find rich and poor people together and the rich people 00:59:51

controlling these cooperative unions. Another characteristic is fascist is 00:59:58

going to control the economy remember that is one important characteristic of 01:00:04

fascism so what they want to create is a self-sufficient economy policy it means 01:00:08

Italy do not need of other countries Italy itself can survive because they 01:00:14

have they have enough economic resources they have enough power because Italy is 01:00:21

a great nation so you italy do not need or doesn't need other countries in order to survive so the 01:00:30

fast fastest in the fastest party the fastest government is going to control the economy 01:00:38

and is going to set the prices and is going to make a any social and economic change needed okay 01:00:43

there is no free market you cannot create your own company if you want okay there are going to be now 01:00:50

public companies not all of them are going to be public but most of them that they are created by 01:00:57

fascism are going to be public they are going to be controlled by the state because remember the 01:01:02

state is the most important thing remember this characteristic exaltation of the state over the 01:01:09

individual so the state is going to be the most important thing the nation the state is going to 01:01:15

women the most important thing in a fastest regime so so that the state is 01:01:22

going to control the economy and it's going to be a self-sufficient economy it 01:01:30

means we do not depend on different countries we are you know we can survive 01:01:34

using our own resources no in Spanish would be our was he como Juan Palomo 01:01:42

Italy is big, it is powerful and it is enough for itself. 01:01:48

money they created the party and finally they have win they won the elections due 01:02:19

to this electoral fraud so the idea is a fascism is in favor of a public 01:02:26

companies they are going to create public companies but they are going to 01:02:32

respect the private companies that they were created before Mussolini reached 01:02:35

power because they need these private companies to support the new fastest 01:02:41

regime okay how they are going how Mussolini or the fascist regime is going 01:02:48

to support these private companies with heavy subsidies it means making these 01:02:53

private companies not to pay taxes for example or making these private 01:03:01

companies to to get a public money in order to build a specific factory or 01:03:07

whatever ok so subsidies subsidios means ways to make the private properties to be happy and to 01:03:14

easily make money ok could be not to pay taxes could be to give them money etc ok entonces esos 01:03:25

subsidios serían eso pues decirles no pagas estos impuestos y construyes aquí la fábrica o te damos 01:03:35

So this is the way Mussolini is going to make these private enterprises to be on his side, to be in favor of Mussolini. 01:03:42

And one of the last characteristics is that this party is going to exercise a strict control over society. 01:03:54

It means that the fastest regime, the fastest state is going to control every single aspect of society, using radio, using advertisements, using the press, using secret police in order to know everything that is going on in the society. 01:04:06

So, what we are going to see is this party is going to exercise this strict control over society, okay, and they are going to exercise this control over society using the police, a secret police, or controlling the mass media, like the radio, the press, etc., okay, and they are going to spread a conservative view of family. 01:04:32

What is a conservative view of family? 01:04:56

Okay, men are over the woman, so they should control the woman. 01:04:59

They believe in marriage, so men and women must be together and they are supposed to be married. 01:05:04

The woman must work at home and must take care of the children. 01:05:12

They cannot work abroad, they cannot own their own money. 01:05:18

The money must be controlled by the husband. 01:05:21

So that's the idea, they are going to exercise a strict control over society, banishing, for example, 01:05:26

women to have these rights, the right to vote, or to have their own bank account, etc. So the idea 01:05:33

is this party is going to control the society using this, using a secret police, the radio, 01:05:41

the press, and also spreading this conservative view of family. Finally, it's important to 01:05:46

understand that if Mussolini is going to remain in power until 1945 is because 01:05:56

he is going to have also the support of the Catholic Church he is going to sign 01:06:06

a concordat with the Holy See la Santa sede the Holy See means the 01:06:12

Vatican okay so Mussolini is going to sign a concordat with the Holy See to 01:06:18

restore the authority of the church in Italy it means Mussolini is going to say 01:06:24

to the church okay you support me and in exchange you will have more power in the 01:06:29

Italian society from now on for example controlling the education etc so the 01:06:36

idea is they are going to sign this concordat a concordat if you remember I 01:06:43

don't know if I explained in class I think so is it's a treaty imagine a 01:06:47

treaty between Spain of France okay that's a treaty a general treaty but 01:06:52

when a country signed a treaty with the Holy See with the Vatican with the Pope 01:06:57

this treaty is called concordat concordato in Spanish so Mussolini is 01:07:01

going to sign the concordat here is Mussolini here is the Cardinal some part 01:07:08

of the government and they are going to sign the treaty okay with the Pope okay 01:07:12

so Mussolini is going to sign the treaty with the Pope and and thanks to that the 01:07:20

the church is going to have again authority in this Italian society and 01:07:30

thanks to this the Catholic Church is going to support Mussolini finally this 01:07:38

is the last characteristics of the past the last characteristic of the fascist 01:07:46

regime is the creation of the Italian Empire in the Mediterranean if you 01:07:49

remember this is one of the characteristics of fascism it means to 01:07:55

have an aggressive foreign policy remember this to have an aggressive 01:07:59

nationalist and territorial expansion so this is the last characteristic that 01:08:04

Mussolini wanted to create an Italian Empire in the Mediterranean similar to 01:08:08

the ancient Roman Empire so that's why in 1935 they are going to invade 01:08:13

Abyssinia or Ethiopia is the same territory Abyssinia and Ethiopia means 01:08:18

the same there are the same name for the same land okay different name for the 01:08:24

same land okay so this is the expansion the Italian expansion before the Second 01:08:29

World War is to conquer Abyssinia Ethiopia in 1935 and during the Second 01:08:34

World War they are going to expand to France Corsica Dalmatia Greece Tunisia 01:08:41

Egypt, this region nearby Eritrea, and Abyssinia, and also the British Somalia, okay? 01:08:47

So, that's the idea, that's the last idea, to create the Italian Empire in the Mediterranean. 01:08:56

These are the ideas of the fastest regime. 01:09:02

If you check, it's not easy, but they have main specific ideas that they are going to 01:09:06

be repeated along the slides. 01:09:12

So remember, Mussolini is going to acquire the total power, he is going to ban the political 01:09:17

parties, the political leaders are going to be imprisoned, the parliament is going to 01:09:21

disappear and is going to appear this chamber of fasting, Mussolini is going to make the 01:09:25

decision, but he can't ask them for their opinion, strikes are going to be banned and 01:09:30

he is going to create these cooperative unions, that they are going to be controlled by the 01:09:36

rich people, the economy is going to be under control, the fastest state, and they are going 01:09:40

to say okay self-sufficient economy we have enough resources in order to survive for our own 01:09:45

okay we are going to support some private enterprises because remember the bourgeoisie 01:09:51

and the landlord landlords or land owners support this fascism since the very beginning in order to 01:09:56

avoid any communist revolution or socialist revolution he the the state or the fastest 01:10:03

party or state is all also not only going to control the economy but also the society okay 01:10:13

through the radio the press the the secret police okay to spreading this a conservative point of 01:10:22

view of the family that is going to be based on the men controlling the woman and the woman at 01:10:30

home taking care of the children and to sign this concordat with the Holy See 01:10:36

this is really important because the Catholic Church is going to support 01:10:43

Mussolini also the rich people because these rich people is controlling now the 01:10:47

unions and is getting subsidized from the from the government and so Mussolini 01:10:53

is going to have the support from of the church the Catholic Church the support 01:11:05

of these private companies okay and also part of the society that they are 01:11:12

nationalists and they support the idea of an Italian Empire in the Mediterranean 01:11:18

okay so he promised this creation of this Italian Empire and he is going to 01:11:23

almost achieve it okay remember he is going to conquer Abyssinia or Ethiopia in 01:11:29

1935 and during the Second World War he is going to expand conquering all these 01:11:34

territories they are trying to make Italy great again they are trying to 01:11:39

create this ancient Roman Empire they are not going to achieve it this is the 01:11:44

maximum expansion of the Italian Empire and they are going to be defeated during 01:11:50

the Second World War. So this is the fascist regime, these are the 01:11:58

characteristics of fascism and this is how Mussolini is going to reach power in 01:12:05

Italy. The next point is going to be Nazism in Germany. 01:12:10

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