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Reporteros de la Historia. Bizancio - Contenido educativo

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Subido el 26 de septiembre de 2022 por María I.

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Vídeo animado sobre el Imperio bizantino

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♫ 00:00:00
All roads lead to Rome. 00:00:12
Remember? 00:00:37
Okay. 00:00:38
But of all those roads, those that were commercial routes... 00:00:39
Well, let's say that all of them passed through Constantinople. 00:00:44
And? What? 00:00:49
Well, let them pass. 00:00:50
What does it matter? 00:00:51
It turns out, Pippo, that by the fourth century AD, the world had changed a lot. 00:00:53
To sustain the wealth, it was no longer enough to conquer, loot and dominate territories. 00:00:59
Now there was another way to generate wealth. 00:01:04
Merchandise trade with the Far East. 00:01:08
Many people on this side of the world wanted things that were only produced on this other side of the world. 00:01:12
And these people, of course, very well, wanted things that only these had. 00:01:19
Especially gold and silver, which had accumulated for many centuries. 00:01:25
As the distances between one side and the other of the world were immense, 00:01:31
and traveling at that time was very dangerous, 00:01:35
only a few commercial routes connected these two worlds. 00:01:38
And you know what? 00:01:42
Yes, all those routes passed through the city of... 00:01:43
Constantinople. 00:01:47
Which had become a gigantic funnel where, on one side, all the goods were gathered, 00:01:49
and on the other, they were distributed throughout Europe and North Africa. 00:01:54
That's how it was, my dear, how slowly power and wealth 00:01:59
stopped being in the hands of those who held the most powerful army 00:02:04
and began to be in those who controlled the trade. 00:02:08
The magnificent and impenetrable city of Constantinople was the capital of the Byzantine Empire. 00:02:19
Being located right between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, 00:02:25
Constantinople was something like a great natural gateway 00:02:28
that connected the West with the world of the Far East. 00:02:32
But who lived in Constantinople? 00:02:36
How did the powerful Byzantine Empire originate? 00:02:38
See it in True Truths. 00:02:41
To solve this riddle, let's go once again to ancient Rome. 00:02:44
In 330 AD, a man named Constantine 00:02:49
was emperor of the legendary Roman Empire. 00:02:53
Constantinople was hit by complicated and turbulent times. 00:02:56
On one side, the barbaric Germanic peoples were advancing unstoppably towards Rome. 00:03:00
And on the other side, there was a group of Roman citizens 00:03:06
who, tired of violence, found in the Christian religion 00:03:10
a refuge to escape such oppression. 00:03:14
The first thing Constantine did was move the capital of the empire 00:03:17
to a safe and strategic place. 00:03:21
This is how he founded the new Rome. 00:03:23
Although after his death, this city was renamed Constantinople in honor of him. 00:03:26
Of course! Constantinople! 00:03:33
Pippo! 00:03:37
Oh, sorry. 00:03:38
Then he did something totally revolutionary. 00:03:39
He was the first Roman emperor in history to adopt the Christian religion. 00:03:43
This allowed many Romans to practice Christianity freely 00:03:48
without fear of being persecuted or imprisoned for it. 00:03:53
Of course, the proud Romans who still lived in Rome 00:03:56
were not very happy with all these decisions. 00:04:00
I don't agree. 00:04:04
They want to move us to a place called Constantin... 00:04:06
Quistantro... 00:04:09
Constantin... 00:04:10
Ha! 00:04:11
It's hard to pronounce. 00:04:12
Faced with so much discontent in the year 395 AD, 00:04:13
a successor of the great Constantine, the emperor Theodosius, 00:04:18
had to divide the empire into two parts. 00:04:22
The eastern one with capital in Constantinople 00:04:25
and the western one with capital in ancient Rome. 00:04:27
And he designated his two sons as heirs of those two empires. 00:04:31
But the western empire already had its days counted 00:04:35
and nothing could stop its inevitable end. 00:04:39
In the year 476, Rome was invaded, looted and destroyed 00:04:43
by an army of German barbarians. 00:04:48
Along with the fall of Rome, the western empire was totally dismembered. 00:04:51
Thanks to its strategic location, the eastern half of the Roman Empire 00:05:03
prospered and prospered year after year 00:05:07
and became the Byzantine Empire, which lasted more than a thousand years. 00:05:10
At the beginning of the sixth century, Byzantium had its first great emperor. 00:05:16
This was Justinian the Great. 00:05:21
Justinian had a lot of work, since he ruled... 00:05:24
Listen to this! 00:05:28
...for 38 years. 00:05:29
Wow! 00:05:31
Justinian took the money that was left thanks to trade 00:05:32
and with it, he ordered to make great works. 00:05:35
First, he built the most important war fleet of the Mediterranean Sea 00:05:38
and with it, he protected all the merchant ships from the pirates' loot. 00:05:43
Also, he conquered a lot of territories, including Italy, Greece, Turkey, 00:05:49
parts of Spain, Africa and Egypt. 00:05:54
A territory so extensive that united people of so many cultures and religions 00:05:57
was very difficult to keep together. 00:06:01
Justinian was aware that the union of the empire 00:06:05
would be achieved only with the union in religion. 00:06:08
Then, he took advantage of the influential Christian religion 00:06:11
and forced all the inhabitants of his empire to adopt Christianity as the only religion. 00:06:14
He also ordered to build a lot of churches. 00:06:21
No way that someone still had doubts about which temple they had to go to pray to. 00:06:24
THE TWO CHURCHES 00:06:34
Emperor Justinian I built fortresses and supported art in all his manifestations. 00:06:39
His masterpiece was the construction of the Church of Santa Sofia, 00:06:45
a building that is almost a miracle of architecture. 00:06:49
Its dome measures 30 meters in diameter and rises up to 50 meters in height. 00:06:53
And that's not all. 00:06:58
By the way this dome is held, it seems to float in the air. 00:07:00
This church was the symbol of the union and strengthening of the empire under the Christian religion. 00:07:06
But outside the empire, specifically in the famous Rome, 00:07:11
lived the head of the Catholic Church, called the Pope, 00:07:15
who ruled the entire Catholic world since the Vatican. 00:07:20
It turns out that the popes of that time did not like the power 00:07:23
that Justinian began to have over his faithful. 00:07:27
Now I don't understand anything. 00:07:30
Weren't they all Christians? 00:07:32
Yes, Pippo, they were all Christians. 00:07:34
But the popes in Rome wanted absolute control of all the Christians in the world, 00:07:37
imposing such things as the way of teaching the Bible or the language in which one should pray. 00:07:43
And they didn't like to see how the fortified churches of the Byzantine Empire 00:07:49
made decisions on their own. 00:07:54
Thus, the old skirmishes between the East and the West became present again. 00:07:56
It was then that Christianity was divided into two large fractions. 00:08:03
On the one hand, the Roman Apostolic Catholic Church. 00:08:07
And on the other, those who did not want to be under the orders of the Vatican, 00:08:11
the Orthodox Apostolic Catholic Church. 00:08:15
The Crisis of the Empire 00:08:20
Byzantium controlled the most coveted territories in the world known to that time. 00:08:25
After the death of Justinian, none of the emperors who succeeded him 00:08:31
managed to maintain what he had achieved, and the borders of the empire were weakened. 00:08:35
In the 7th century, the Lombards threw them out of Italy. 00:08:41
The Slavs from the Balkans. 00:08:45
And the powerful forces of Islam conquered the provinces of Syria, Palestine, and Persia. 00:08:48
The Byzantine Empire was entering a phase of frank retreat. 00:08:54
Against so many enemies, who can? 00:08:58
So many wars made it unsustainable to maintain the army. 00:09:02
Plagues and epidemics decimated the population. 00:09:05
And as if all this were not enough, during the 8th and 9th centuries, 00:09:08
many civil wars broke the solidity of the empire. 00:09:13
Faced with this disastrous scenario, in the 11th century, 00:09:16
the Turks, who had already taken the city of Jerusalem, 00:09:19
threatened to invade the empire from the east. 00:09:23
Then, Emperor Alejo I was forced to ask for help! 00:09:26
And who knows who he went to. 00:09:33
And yes, he called the Pope who ruled the Church of Rome, 00:09:36
and who was one of the most powerful men of that time. 00:09:40
Of course, at that time there were no telephones. 00:09:43
Alejo told him, 00:09:46
Dear Pope Urban II, we are in trouble. 00:09:48
This request for help was categorical and gave rise to the Crusades. 00:09:52
Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Jerusalem. 00:10:05
Although its name meant the city of peace, 00:10:08
no other city in the world has shed so much blood. 00:10:11
Do you remember? 00:10:15
Jerusalem was the city founded by the Hebrews on their promised land. 00:10:16
Well, it turns out that there was also the Holy Sepulchre of Christ, 00:10:20
so it was also a city very desired by Christians. 00:10:25
But in the year 1071, it had fallen into the hands of the Turks, 00:10:29
and they did not allow any Christian to approach the Sacred Tomb of Jesus. 00:10:33
Pope Urban II summoned all the nobles of Europe and said, 00:10:38
God asks us to go and rescue the Holy Land from the hands of Islam. 00:10:43
This is how, in the name of God, kings, dukes and princes 00:10:49
from many different places in Europe organized armies 00:10:53
that undertook the long journey to the Middle East 00:10:57
in order to liberate Jerusalem. 00:11:00
These tremendous wars that began in the year 1096 00:11:03
and lasted more than two centuries were known as the Crusades. 00:11:07
Once the religious goal was achieved, 00:11:13
the European nobles saw that they had a great possibility at hand. 00:11:16
Why not conquer Constantinople once and for all 00:11:20
and end the powerful Roman Empire of the East forever? 00:11:24
This is how, in 1204, the Crusaders, with the support of the Vatican, 00:11:29
launched themselves on Constantinople 00:11:34
and decreed the obedience of the Church of Byzantium to the power of Rome. 00:11:36
Although this occupation lasted only 60 years, 00:11:41
the Byzantine Empire was increasingly convinced 00:11:44
that its cousins from the West would never be its allies 00:11:47
and that they should face only those difficulties that came their way, 00:11:51
since from the South, the threat of the Turks advanced like a hurricane. 00:11:55
With an army superior to the entire population of Constantinople, 00:12:07
in April 1453, 00:12:11
Mohammed II, Sultan of the Turks, 00:12:14
set up his tent in front of the city gate, 00:12:17
determined to enter or die. 00:12:20
The Byzantines hoped that the gigantic walls 00:12:24
could contain the enemy once again. 00:12:27
In the middle of the battle, 00:12:29
Mohammed discovered his secret weapon, 00:12:31
a gigantic cannon that they say had to be dragged by 300 oxen 00:12:36
and launched projectiles of almost half a ton 00:12:41
at a distance of more than 1,000 meters. 00:12:44
On their trips through China, 00:12:48
the Turks had discovered a powerful invention, 00:12:50
the gunpowder. 00:12:54
On May 29, 1453, 00:12:56
after two uninterrupted months of fighting, 00:12:59
the Turks entered the city half-destroyed. 00:13:02
Mohammed II took control of Constantinople 00:13:06
and turned it into the capital of the Ottoman Turkish Empire. 00:13:09
Then they changed its name to Istanbul, 00:13:14
one of the most important cities in Turkey. 00:13:17
For more than 1,000 years, 00:13:27
Byzantium was the axis that joined trade between Europe and the East. 00:13:29
It was a bridge that connected the enormous riches 00:13:33
from very distant countries, 00:13:36
especially from China and India. 00:13:38
When it fell into the hands of the Turks, 00:13:43
this bridge broke. 00:13:45
And all of Europe was desperate to find new trade routes. 00:13:50
This is how many adventurers and explorers emerged. 00:13:54
Thirty-nine years later after the fall of Constantinople, 00:13:58
a Spanish expedition under the command of Cristóbal Colón 00:14:02
set sail. 00:14:05
Colón was convinced that the world was round. 00:14:07
Yes, yes, of course, round like this ball. 00:14:10
And sailing to the West, 00:14:14
at some point you could get to the East. 00:14:16
Colón was right, 00:14:19
although in his calculations he did not see a huge obstacle. 00:14:21
Yes, on his journey to the East, 00:14:25
Colón came across an entire continent 00:14:28
that Europe did not know at all. 00:14:30
Although he believed he would reach India, 00:14:32
those lands were America. 00:14:34
And his discovery started a whole new stage 00:14:37
in the history of civilizations. 00:14:41
Transcription by ESO. Translation by — 00:15:11
Subido por:
María I.
Licencia:
Reconocimiento - No comercial
Visualizaciones:
1276
Fecha:
26 de septiembre de 2022 - 21:15
Visibilidad:
Público
Centro:
IES BARRIO SIMANCAS
Duración:
15′ 24″
Relación de aspecto:
5:4 Es el estándar al cual pertenece la resolución 1280x1024, usado en pantallas de 17". Este estándar también es un rectángulo.
Resolución:
450x360 píxeles
Tamaño:
58.54 MBytes

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