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2º ESO/THE CRUSADES - Contenido educativo

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Subido el 9 de noviembre de 2020 por Alicia M.

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Hi there, my name is John Green, this is Crash Course World History, and today we're going to talk about the Crusades. 00:00:00
Oh, Stan, do we have to talk about the Crusades? I hate them. 00:00:05
Here's the thing about the Crusades, which were a series of military expeditions from parts of Europe to the eastern coast of the Mediterranean. 00:00:09
The real reason they feature so prominently in history is because we've endlessly romanticized the story of the Crusades. 00:00:15
We've created this simple narrative with characters to root for and to root against, 00:00:22
been endlessly idealized by the likes of Sir Walter Scott, and there are knights with swords 00:00:26
and lion hearts. No, Stan, lion hearts. Thank you. 00:00:30
Let's start by saying that initially the Crusades were not a holy war on the part of Europeans 00:00:44
against Islam, but in important ways the Crusades were driven by religious faith. 00:00:48
Mr. Green, Mr. Green, religion causes all wars. Imagine no religion. 00:00:52
I'm going to cut you off right there before you violate copyright me from the past, but 00:00:56
But as usual, you're wrong. 00:00:59
Simple readings of history are rarely sufficient. 00:01:02
By the way, when did my handwriting get so much better? 00:01:05
I mean, if the Crusades had been brought on by the lightning-fast rise of the Islamic 00:01:06
Empire and a desire to keep in Christian hands the land of Jesus, then they would have started 00:01:10
in the 8th century. 00:01:14
But early Islamic dynasties like the Umayyads and the Abbasids were perfectly happy with 00:01:15
Christians and Jews living among them, as long as they paid a tax. 00:01:19
And plus, the Christian pilgrimage business was awesome for the Islamic Empire's economy. 00:01:22
But then a new group of Muslims, the Seljuk Turks, moved into the region, and they sacked 00:01:26
the holy cities and made it much more difficult for Christians to make their pilgrimages. 00:01:30
And while they quickly realized their mistake, it was already too late. 00:01:34
The Byzantines, who'd had their literal asses kicked at the Battle of Manzikert in 00:01:37
1071, felt the threat and called upon the West for help. 00:01:40
So the first official crusade began with a call to arms by Pope Urban II in 1095 CE. 00:01:44
This was partly because Urban wanted to unite Europe, and he'd figured out the lesson 00:01:49
the rest of us learn from alien invasion movies. 00:01:53
best way to get people to unite is to give them a common enemy. 00:01:55
So Urban called on all the bickering knights and nobility of Europe, and he saideth unto 00:01:59
his people, Let us go forth and help the Byzantines, because then maybe they will acknowledge my 00:02:03
awesomeness and get rid of their stupid not-having-me-as-Pope thing, and while we're at it, let's liberate 00:02:07
Jerusalem. I'm paraphrasing, by the way. 00:02:12
Shifting the focus to Jerusalem was really important, because the Crusades were not primarily 00:02:15
military operations. They were pilgrimages. Theologically, Christianity didn't have 00:02:19
an idea of a holy war. Like, war might be just, but fighting wasn't something that 00:02:23
got you into heaven. But pilgrimage to a holy shrine could help 00:02:28
you out on that front, and Urban had the key insight to pitch the crusade as a pilgrimage 00:02:30
with a touch of warring on the side. I do the same thing to my kid every night. 00:02:35
I'm not feeding you dinner featuring animal crackers. I'm feeding you animal crackers 00:02:39
featuring dinner. Oh, it's time for the open letter? An open 00:02:44
letter to animal crackers. But first, let's see what's in the secret 00:02:50
compartment today. Oh, it's Animal Crackers. Thanks, Stan. 00:02:53
Hi there, Animal Crackers. It's me, John Green. Thanks for being delicious, but let 00:02:57
me throw out a crazy idea here. Maybe foods that are already delicious do not need the 00:03:01
added benefit of being pleasingly shaped. I mean, why can't I get my kid animal spinach, 00:03:05
or animal sweet potato, or even animal cooked animal? I mean, we can put a man on Mars, 00:03:10
but we can't make spinach shaped like elephants? What, Stan? We haven't put a man on Mars? 00:03:15
Stupid world, always disappointing me. 00:03:20
Best wishes, John Green. 00:03:22
One last myth to dispel. 00:03:24
The Crusades were not an example of early European colonization of the Middle East, 00:03:25
even if they did create some European-ish kingdoms there for a while. 00:03:30
That's a much later post- and anti-colonialist view that comes at least in part from a Marxist 00:03:33
reading of history. 00:03:38
In the case of the Crusades, it was argued, the knights who went adventuring in the Levant 00:03:39
were the second and third sons of wealthy nobles who, because of European inheritance 00:03:43
rules had little to look forward to by staying in Europe and lots to gain, in terms of plunder, 00:03:47
by going to the East. 00:03:52
Cool theory, bro, but it's not true. First, most of the people who responded to the call 00:03:53
to crusade weren't knights at all, they were poor people. And secondly, most of the nobles 00:03:57
who did go crusading were lords of estates, not their wastrel kids. 00:04:01
But more importantly, that analysis ignores religious motivations. We've approached religions 00:04:05
as historical phenomena, thinking about how, for instance, the capricious environment of 00:04:09
Mesopotamia led to a capricious cadre of Mesopotamian gods. 00:04:13
But just as the world shapes religion, religion also shapes the world. 00:04:17
And some modern historians might ignore religious motivations, but medieval crusaders sure as 00:04:21
hell didn't. 00:04:24
I mean, when people came up with that idiom, they clearly thought hell was for sure. 00:04:25
To the crusaders, they were taking up arms to protect Christ and his kingdom. 00:04:28
And what better way to show your devotion to God than putting a cross on your sleeve, 00:04:32
spending five to six times your annual income to outfit yourself and all your horses, and 00:04:35
heading for the Holy Land. 00:04:40
So when these people cried out, God wills it, to explain their reasons for going, we 00:04:41
should do them the favor of believing them. 00:04:45
And the results of the First Crusade seemed to indicate that God had willed it. 00:04:47
Following the lead of roving preachers with names like Peter the Rabbit, Peter the Hermit. 00:04:51
Stan, you're always making history less cool. 00:04:55
Fine. 00:04:57
Following preachers like Peter the Hermit, thousands of peasants and nobles alike volunteered 00:04:58
for the First Crusade. 00:05:02
It got off to kind of a rough start because pilgrims kept robbing those they'd encounter 00:05:03
along the way. 00:05:07
Plus, there was no real leader, so there were constant rivalries between nobles about who 00:05:08
could supply the most troops. 00:05:12
Notable among the notables were Godfrey of Bullion, Bohemond of Toronto, and Raymond 00:05:14
of Toulouse. 00:05:18
But despite the rivalries and the disorganization, the Crusaders were remarkably, some would 00:05:19
say miraculously, successful. 00:05:23
By the time they arrived in the Levant, they were fighting not against the Seljuk Turks, 00:05:25
but against Fatimid Egyptians, who had captured the Holy Land from the Seljuks, thereby making 00:05:28
the Turks none too pleased with the Egyptians. 00:05:33
In Antioch, the Crusaders reversed a seemingly hopeless situation when a peasant found the 00:05:35
spear that had pierced Christ's side hidden under a church, thereby raising morale enough 00:05:39
to win the day. 00:05:44
And then they did the impossible. 00:05:45
They took Jerusalem, securing it for Christendom, and famously killing a lot of people in the 00:05:47
Alaska Mosque. 00:05:52
Now, the Crusaders succeeded in part because the Turkish Muslims, who were Sunnis, did 00:05:53
not step up to help the Egyptians, who were Shia. 00:05:56
But that kind of complicated, inter-Islamic rivalry gets in the way of the awesome narrative. 00:05:59
The Christians just saw it as a miracle. 00:06:03
So by 1100 CE, European nobles held both Antioch and Jerusalem as Latin Christian kingdoms. 00:06:04
I say Latin to make the point that there were lots of Christians living in these cities 00:06:10
before the Crusaders arrived. 00:06:13
They just weren't Catholic, they were Orthodox, a point that will become relevant shortly. 00:06:15
We're going to skip the Second Crusade because it bores me and move on to the Third Crusade 00:06:19
because it's the famous one. 00:06:23
Broadly speaking, the Third Crusade was a European response to the emergence of a new 00:06:25
Islamic power, neither Turkish nor Abbasid. 00:06:28
The Egyptian, although he was really a Kurd, Sultan al-Malik al-Nasr Saleh al-Din Yusuf, 00:06:31
better known to the West as Saladin. 00:06:37
Saladin, having consolidated his power in Egypt, sought to expand by taking Damascus 00:06:39
and eventually Jerusalem, which he did successfully because he was an amazing general. 00:06:44
And then the loss of Jerusalem caused Pope Gregory VIII to call for a third crusade. 00:06:49
Three of the most important kings in Europe answered the call. 00:06:53
Philip, cowardly schemer II of France, Richard Lionheart I of England, and Frederick I of 00:06:55
am going to drown anticlimactically on the journey while trying to bathe in a river, 00:07:01
Barbarossa, of the not-holy, not-Roman, and not-imperial Holy Roman Empire." 00:07:05
Both Richard and Saladin were great generals who earned the respect of their troops, and 00:07:10
while from the European perspective the Crusade was a failure because they didn't take Jerusalem, 00:07:14
it did radically change crusading forever by making Egypt a target. 00:07:18
Richard understood that his best chance to take Jerusalem involved first taking Egypt, 00:07:23
but he couldn't convince any crusaders to join him because Egypt had a lot less religious 00:07:27
value to Christians than Jerusalem. 00:07:31
So Richard was forced to call off the Crusade early, but if he had just hung around until 00:07:32
Easter of 1192, he would have seen Saladin die. 00:07:36
And then Richard probably could have fulfilled all his crusading dreams, but you know, then 00:07:39
we wouldn't have needed the Fourth Crusade. 00:07:42
Although crusading continued through the 14th century, mostly with an emphasis on North 00:07:44
Africa and not the Holy Land, the Fourth Crusade is the last one we'll focus on because it 00:07:48
was the crazy one. 00:07:52
Let's go to the Thought Bubble. 00:07:53
So a lot of people volunteered for the Fourth Crusade, more than 35,000, and the generals 00:07:55
didn't want to march them all the way across Anatolia because they knew from experience 00:07:59
that it was a dangerous and b hot. So they decided to go by boat, which necessitated 00:08:03
the building of the largest naval fleet Europe had seen since the Roman Empire. The Venetians 00:08:08
built 500 ships, but then only 11,000 crusaders actually made it down to Venice because like, 00:08:12
oh, I meant to go, but I had a thing come up, etc. There wasn't enough money to pay 00:08:18
for those boats, so the Venetians made the crusaders a deal. Help us capture the rebellious 00:08:23
city of Zara and will ferry you to Anatolia." 00:08:27
This was a smidge problematic, crusading-wise, because Zara was a Christian city, but the 00:08:31
Crusaders agreed to help, resulting in the Pope excommunicating both them and the Venetians. 00:08:36
Then, after the Crusaders failed to take Zara and were still broke, a would-be Byzantine 00:08:41
emperor named Alexius III promised the Crusaders that he would pay them if they helped him 00:08:46
out, so the excommunicated Catholic Crusaders fought on behalf of the Orthodox Alexius, 00:08:50
soon became emperor in Constantinople. But it took Alexius a while to come up with the 00:08:57
money he'd promised the Crusaders, so they were waiting around in Constantinople, and 00:09:01
then Alexius was suddenly dethroned by the awesomely named Mortsophilus, leaving the 00:09:04
Crusaders stuck in Constantinople with no money. 00:09:09
Christian warriors couldn't very well sack the largest city in Christendom, could they? 00:09:12
Well it turns out they could, and boy did they. They took all the wealth they could 00:09:16
find, killed and raped Christians as they went, stole the statues of horses that now 00:09:20
adorned St. Mark's Cathedral in Venice and retook exactly none of the Holy Land. 00:09:25
Thanks Thought Bubble. So you'd think this disaster would discredit the whole notion 00:09:30
of crusading, right? No. Instead, it legitimized the idea that crusading didn't have to be 00:09:33
about pilgrimage, that any enemies of the Catholic Church were fair game. Also, the 00:09:38
Fourth Crusade pretty much doomed the Byzantine Empire, which never really recovered. Constantinople, 00:09:42
a shadow of its former self, was conquered by the Turks in 1453. So ultimately, the Crusades 00:09:46
Crusades were a total failure at establishing Christian kingdoms in the Holy Land long term. 00:09:51
And with the coming of the Ottomans, the region remained solidly Muslim, as it mostly is today. 00:09:56
And the Crusades didn't really open up lines of communication between the Christian and 00:10:00
Muslim worlds, because those lines of communication were already open. 00:10:04
Plus, most historians now agree that the Crusades didn't bring Europe out of the Middle Ages 00:10:07
by offering it contact with the superior intellectual accomplishments of the Islamic world. 00:10:11
In fact, they were a tremendous drain on Europe's resources. 00:10:15
For me, the Crusades matter because they remind us that the medieval world was fundamentally 00:10:18
different from ours. 00:10:22
The men and women who took up the cross believed in the sacrality of their work in a way that 00:10:23
we often can't even conceive of today. 00:10:27
And when we focus so much on the heroic narrative or the anti-imperialist narrative or all the 00:10:30
political infighting, we can lose sight of what the Crusades must have meant to the Crusaders. 00:10:34
How that journey from pilgrimage to holy war transformed their faith and their lives. 00:10:38
And ultimately, that exercise in empathy is the coolest thing about studying history. 00:10:43
Thanks for watching. 00:10:48
We'll see you next week. 00:10:49
Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. 00:10:50
Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. 00:10:52
Our graphics team is Thought Bubble and the show is written by my high school history 00:10:54
teacher Raoul Meyer and myself. 00:10:57
If you enjoyed today's video, don't forget to like and favorite it. 00:10:59
Also, you can follow us on Twitter or at Facebook. 00:11:01
There are links in the video info. 00:11:04
Last week's Phrase of the Week was Ali Frazier. 00:11:05
You can guess at this week's Phrase of the Week or suggest future ones in comments where 00:11:07
you can also ask questions that our team of historians will endeavor to answer. 00:11:11
Thanks for watching. 00:11:15
I want to apologize to my prudish fans for leaving both buttons unbuttoned, and as we 00:11:16
say in my hometown, don't forget to be awesome. 00:11:18
Subido por:
Alicia M.
Licencia:
Dominio público
Visualizaciones:
138
Fecha:
9 de noviembre de 2020 - 6:35
Visibilidad:
Público
Centro:
IES LA SENDA
Duración:
11′ 32″
Relación de aspecto:
1.78:1
Resolución:
1280x720 píxeles
Tamaño:
112.58 MBytes

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