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Lutheranism

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Subido el 18 de marzo de 2020 por Ruben P.

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Okay, let's continue with the Reformation. So as you remember in the last two slides we were seeing the characteristics of the Church in the 16th century in Europe and we were talking also about the Reformation, a religious movement that is going to appear inside the Catholic Church and is going to be critic with the Catholic Church not following the Catholic dogma. 00:00:01
It means that the cardinals or the lower clergy, they weren't following the Catholic dogmas, like, for example, not to have babies. 00:00:28
So they were having babies, they were having different women, or, for example, they were rich and they were obtaining money out of the taxes from the poor people. 00:00:38
So what we are going to see now is what is the beginning of the Reformation. 00:00:50
and the beginning of the Reformation is related to this person, Luther, Martin Luther, okay? 00:00:55
So, we are going to see how this movement is going to appear exactly in Rome, 00:01:03
or in Germany and Rome at the same time, okay? 00:01:08
So, let's see who is Martin Luther. 00:01:11
Martin Luther was a German priest, okay? 00:01:13
He is a German priest. 00:01:16
It means he is part of the clergy. 00:01:17
He is a privileged person, okay? 00:01:19
So the problem is, Martin Luther is going to go to Rome and he's going to see all this corruption inside the church. 00:01:22
He's going to see how the cardinals are rich, how the pope is having babies, how the priests are selling the indulgences, okay? 00:01:31
So he's going to be, like, astonished and he's going to get really angry with the church, how the church is working. 00:01:40
so the idea is martin luther is going to start this movement complaining about the corruption 00:01:50
of the church okay so this is the beginning of the reformation we they are going to call this 00:01:56
movement reformation because it's to reform the catholic church okay it's reformar la iglesia 00:02:01
catholica we want to turn to change this catholic church into a truly catholic church that is going 00:02:08
to follow the dogmas of jesus christ right so let's see what he's going to do he's going to 00:02:15
travel to rome he's going to find out that the he's going to see the the corruption inside the 00:02:22
church and he's going to decide to publish what we are going to call what this is martin luther 00:02:29
he's going to go back from rome to germany okay and he's going to decide to publish his 95 00:02:36
theses. What are the 95 theses? The 95 theses are the 95 measures Martin Luther wants the 00:02:44
Church, the Catholic Church, to follow or to apply. It means these are the 95 things 00:02:55
or measures that the Church, the Catholic Church, needs to take into consideration in 00:03:03
order to reform the catholic church okay so martin luther if we read to show his opposition 00:03:10
to to the corruption in the church he published this 95 thesis in 1517 okay so early 16th century 00:03:17
okay so remember take into consideration that martin luther is from germany okay it's not from 00:03:26
spain it's not from france it's from germany from the holy roman empire it is important because 00:03:33
Carlos V is going to inherit the Holy Roman Empire and he has or he will have to face this 00:03:39
problem he will have to handle to manage the problem of the reformation inside the German 00:03:48
Empire the Holy Roman Empire okay so the idea is he is going to publish this 95 thesis showing 00:03:56
where he's establishing the basis of his doctrine. 00:04:03
Doctrine is a way of thinking. 00:04:08
So he, inside the Catholic Church, because he is a priest, 00:04:11
is going to publish this 95 Theses 00:04:15
in order to reform the Catholic Church. 00:04:17
Here is Martin Luther. 00:04:25
This is a representation of Martin Luther. 00:04:27
Okay, writing, okay, sorry, here is Martin Luther, okay, showing or writing, establishing or nailing, okay, it means to stick this document with the 95 thesis to the door of the cathedral of a German city is Wittenberg, okay? 00:04:29
So the idea is, he is going to nail, he is going to stick this 95 Theses in the door of the cathedral in order to all the people see, to read, to check this information, okay? 00:04:50
So the problem of this 95 Theses, or not the problem, the characteristics of this 95 Theses are, 00:05:06
First, he is going to say that the interpretation of the Bible must be free 00:05:14
It means, if you know how to read, you can read the Bible and you can interpret the Bible 00:05:20
On your own 00:05:27
The problem is in the Catholic world, in the Catholic countries 00:05:29
The priests, the cardinals, the pope are interpreting the Bible for the people 00:05:33
it means when you go to the church 00:05:42
the priest is going to read you the bible 00:05:45
and he is going to give you the interpretation 00:05:48
so in the catholic world 00:05:51
the priest that is related to god 00:05:53
remember the pope is the representative of god on earth 00:05:58
so the pope and the priest and the cardinals 00:06:01
are going to interpret the bible for the people 00:06:06
that they do not know how to read, okay? 00:06:09
So Martin Luther is against this. 00:06:13
Martin Luther is going to say, okay, we do not need a priest in order, 00:06:15
we do not need another people to interpret the Bible for us. 00:06:19
We can read it, we can do it on our own. 00:06:24
As you understand, in those countries that the Reformation is going to spread, 00:06:28
the population is going to start learning how to read in order to interpret the Bible. 00:06:33
So, we will see, as time goes on, a very big difference between these reformated countries and these catholic countries, while in the catholic countries there is going to be a low number of people that knows how to read in comparison with the reformated countries. 00:06:39
makes sense so the idea is martin luther is going to suggest that the interpretation of the bible 00:07:02
must be free it means anyone can interpret the bible we do not need a priest a cardinal or the 00:07:11
pope to tell us what is written in the bible okay so that's the idea he's going to say the priest 00:07:19
should be abolished we do not need a priest in order to interpret the bible so the priest would 00:07:26
be useless so any because anyone could read and interpret the Bible in their 00:07:32
own way so it means okay I'm going to read the Bible and I'm going to 00:07:38
interpret it I'm going to connect with God on my own I do not need to go to 00:07:41
mass to see or to listen to this priest that is interpreting the Bible for me 00:07:46
okay so this free interpretation of the Bible means no priest we do not need 00:07:55
them, we can read it on our own, and also, as time goes on, it's going to make 00:08:00
these reformated countries, or these countries where the Reformation 00:08:07
is going to be developed, to have a less level of illiterate people. It 00:08:13
means we are going to find more people that knows how to read in the reformated 00:08:20
countries rather than those that they are catholic and follow the pope okay let's see also the bible 00:08:25
should be translated into various languages into different languages why because in the beginning 00:08:34
in the 16th century the bible was written in latin okay so and you know that the people they are 00:08:39
speaking their vernacular languages could be italian spanish could be french etc so in this 00:08:46
moment, if we want the population to interpret the Bible on their own, what we need is to translate 00:08:53
the Bible into those languages, French, Spanish, German, etc. Okay? So the first idea, one of the 00:09:00
four pillars of this doctrine, of this Luther doctrine, is going to be to freely interpret 00:09:08
the Bible. It means a free interpretation of the Bible. We do not need a priest, we are going to 00:09:16
understand it perfectly, we can read it on our own and of course we need to translate it into 00:09:23
different languages in order to be able to read it. What is the second pillar, the second principle 00:09:28
this of Martin Luther doctrine so the second principle is easy is forgive is 00:09:36
that the forgiveness and salvation is not going to be based on our behavior is 00:09:44
going to be based on our faith and God's will what does it mean okay let's see 00:09:50
imagine we are Catholics we believe in God and we know if we want to if we want 00:09:58
to go to heaven what we need to do is to behave correctly right we need to be a 00:10:05
good person we need to help each other it means to follow the Catholic dogma 00:10:11
what Luther is going to say is we do not need to behave properly we do not need 00:10:15
to follow this dogma okay just believing in God to have faith in God and thanks 00:10:22
to god's will we are going to achieve forgiveness and salvation so it means we do not need to follow 00:10:29
exactly the catholic dogma means we do not need to be a good person in order to achieve forgiveness 00:10:37
and salvation why because luther is saying only only having faith in god okay with that only with 00:10:46
is enough to achieve forgiveness and salvation so that's what Luther is going 00:10:56
to say okay so to have faith in God God's will it means la voluntad de Dios 00:11:03
y la fe these two things are the two basic the two basic things you need in 00:11:10
order to achieve forgiveness and salvation okay so to achieve this 00:11:18
forgiveness and salvation it means to go to heaven when you when you when you die 00:11:22
okay what you just need to do to get this forgiveness and salvation to is 00:11:27
just faith and God's will okay so from now on in these territories where the 00:11:33
reform is going to spread okay they are going to believe in God and they be they 00:11:41
are going to believe just with this faith is enough to achieve forgiveness 00:11:47
forgiveness and salvation they do not need okay to behave in a good way to be good persons okay 00:11:51
it doesn't mean that they are they can kill anyone they are saying for example 00:12:00
they are saying just that they do not need to follow this dogma in order to achieve forgiveness 00:12:05
and salvation that you can that that the most important thing is to have faith in god because 00:12:11
maybe you are you are atheist you are not going to believe in god but okay because you are a good 00:12:17
person because you follow the catholic dogma you are going to achieve forgiveness and salvation 00:12:24
he is going to deny this martin luther is going to say if you want forgiveness forgiveness and 00:12:28
salvation what you need to have is faith on god and is going to depend on god's will 00:12:34
En la voluntad de Dios 00:12:40
Ok, what is the third one? 00:12:41
The third one is 00:12:44
He and the people that follow him 00:12:45
Are going to reject the veneration 00:12:49
Of the Virgin Mary 00:12:51
Saints' holy relics 00:12:52
Remember what is a relic? 00:12:54
A relic is a part of the human body 00:12:56
But this body 00:12:59
Belongs to a saint 00:13:02
It means, for example 00:13:03
Look at these pictures 00:13:05
What we have here is the head 00:13:06
of a saint 00:13:08
Rosa de Lima 00:13:10
and here what we are going to find 00:13:11
is different bones of a saint 00:13:13
so they are going to reject 00:13:15
to venerate 00:13:18
to feel that they need to 00:13:19
to venerate these people 00:13:22
that they are dead 00:13:25
to venerate these objects 00:13:26
that are the human parts 00:13:29
of a dead person 00:13:32
that is a saint 00:13:35
so remember 00:13:35
they are not going to venerate the Virgin Mary 00:13:37
and they are not going to venerate relics 00:13:40
what they are going to venerate is just God 00:13:43
God is the important thing 00:13:46
nor the Virgin Mary nor different saints 00:13:48
why they are going to be against this veneration 00:13:51
of the Virgin Mary, saints and holy relics 00:13:55
well, it's easy 00:13:58
if you remember, Catholicism is a monotheist religion 00:14:00
It means you believe in one God, no more. Remember, for example, in ancient Greek or in the Roman Empire, what you are going to find is population or people that they are going to venerate more than one God, Zeus, Athena, etc. 00:14:06
They are going to venerate all these types of gods 00:14:25
So they are polytheists 00:14:28
It means they are going to believe in more than one god 00:14:31
But the Catholics are not polytheists 00:14:34
They are monotheists 00:14:37
So they are going to believe in only one god 00:14:38
What Luther is saying is that 00:14:41
When you are venerating the Virgin Mary 00:14:44
The saints, the holy relics and also God 00:14:46
You are believing in more than one god 00:14:50
So, you are making Catholicism, or you are turning Catholicism into a polytheist religion. 00:14:53
So, in order to avoid this definition, to define Catholicism as a polytheist religion, 00:15:02
what he is going to say is, okay, we are going to reject the veneration to all these people, 00:15:12
the saints the virgin mary the relics because what we what we are is catholics and catholics 00:15:18
are monotheists so we are supposed to believe only in god one god no more the last principle 00:15:25
is the opposition to the church owning property what does it mean they are going to say okay if 00:15:35
you are a truly christian if you are a truly believer in jesus christ in god okay it's because 00:15:42
you are going to believe in poverty, that you do not need riches, to be wealthy. 00:15:48
So the idea is they are going to be against the church to have all these properties. 00:15:55
It means, to sum up, they are going to be against the church to have or to be rich. 00:16:01
So that's why they are going to, and also they are going to support the nobles taking 00:16:09
over the church possessions. 00:16:14
What does it mean? 00:16:16
It means, first, that we do not want a church that is rich, we want a church that is truly 00:16:17
Catholic or truly Christian and it means to have a poor church. 00:16:22
And second, we need people to support these ideas, so we are going to support the nobles 00:16:28
to take over the church possessions. 00:16:36
What does it mean? 00:16:39
That, of course, if you are saying the church must be poor and you want to give the possessions 00:16:40
to the nobility the nobility is going to support their reformation remember the nobility in this 00:16:45
moment is fighting against the kings because what the kings want is to be an authoritarian monarch 00:16:52
it means an authoritarian monarchy remember is a king or a queen that is going to control 00:16:58
the nobility and to fight two different kings using a strong army so in this case what they 00:17:06
are going to do the Lutero or Luther Martin Luther and the people that 00:17:13
support the Reformation what they are going to say is okay we are going to 00:17:19
give all the church possessions to the nobles so that we are going to have the 00:17:22
support of the nobles in order to fight to the king and to establish or to 00:17:28
change the Catholic Church so as a summary Martin Luther remember is a 00:17:33
priest is from Germany and he is going to he is going to publish this 95 thesis 00:17:40
where where he is criticizing the Catholic Church criticizing the 00:17:47
corruption all the characteristics we saw in the last two slides okay so in 00:17:53
order to criticize this corruption he is going to publish the 95 thesis and these 00:17:58
are the four main principles that we are supposed to be free to interpret the 00:18:02
Bible, we do not need a priest, and we are going to, of course, translate it into the different 00:18:06
languages, because we speak Spanish, we do not speak Latin. Second, that in order to achieve 00:18:11
forgiveness and salvation, we do not need to behave following the Catholic dogma, what we need is 00:18:18
faith, okay? We need to truly believe in God, and that's enough, because God's will, la voluntad de 00:18:24
is going to provide us or let us achieve forgiveness and salvation in the third place 00:18:30
they are going to reject the veneration to all these people the virgin mary saints and holy 00:18:38
relics because they believe that catholicism is a monotheist religion and finally they want a church 00:18:43
a poor church they do not want a powerful church that they are going to be rich 00:18:52
or a rich or a wealthy church okay and in order to get some to get the support of the novels they 00:18:59
are going to say okay we are going to have a poor church and all the church possessions are going to 00:19:07
go to the novels okay i recommend you to watch this this clip of a movie where they are going 00:19:12
to show you how martin luther is going to publish this 95 thesis and is going to defend these these 00:19:19
ideas so for example i have here two different news from two different newspapers where they 00:19:25
are going to talk about the possessions of the catholic church okay talking about how the 00:19:35
catholic church is wealthy nowadays so this characteristic that is the opposition to the 00:19:41
church to owning property okay as you can see nowadays the church is owning a lot of money 00:19:47
a lot of properties 00:19:54
vale, so that's the idea 00:19:57
the situation has not changed 00:20:00
the church is a powerful 00:20:02
institution and this church is rich 00:20:04
has a lot of 00:20:06
different possessions 00:20:08
so apart from this, what we need to talk 00:20:09
is about the 00:20:14
spread of the reformation 00:20:15
spread, difundir 00:20:17
so what we are going to see is how the reformation is going to 00:20:19
spread all over Europe 00:20:22
Okay? Remember, it's going to start in Germany, in the Holy Roman Empire, because Martin Luther was a priest in Germany. 00:20:23
But what is going to happen after that? 00:20:31
It's going to spread rapidly or quickly across Northern Europe. 00:20:33
It means those areas that they are close to Germany. 00:20:39
Of course, these ideas are going to reach Spain later than, for example, these regions. 00:20:43
so what you see in red is the lutheran regions okay the regions where lutheranism where reformation 00:20:51
is going to spread so you see part of the holy roman empire denmark sweden sorry sweden norway 00:20:59
okay and these regions here that they are part of poland in this moment okay as you can see there 00:21:07
are going to be other different type of other type of reformed churches we are going to talk 00:21:13
about them later on but the important thing is the ideas the reformation ideas the ideas of 00:21:21
martin martin luther are going to spread not only in germany but also in these countries in northern 00:21:28
europe part of poland sweden and norway and denmark so apart from this germany the low 00:21:35
countries the low countries are these ones here but they are going to follow 00:21:43
Calvinism okay we are going to talk about Calvinism in a few minutes okay so 00:21:47
there is Germany low countries Denmark and the countries in the Scandinavia 00:21:53
Scandinavian Peninsula okay you remember the the maps of Europe this is the 00:21:58
Scandinavian Peninsula is here in the north okay so apart from this what we 00:22:02
are going to see is there are going to be other reformers it means Martin 00:22:08
Luther is going to start criticizing the church, and we are going to find other people, other 00:22:12
priests, criticizing the church, but they are going to propose different doctrines and 00:22:18
creating their own churches. 00:22:24
So, as you can understand, it's a really difficult problem for the Catholic Church, because inside 00:22:28
the church it has appeared Lutheranism, that is the doctrine established by Martin Luther, 00:22:34
and now what we are going to see is different or other different branches of Reformation, 00:22:41
okay? Other reformers. For example, the first one is Ulrich Zwingli or Ulrich Zwinglio in Spanish. 00:22:51
He's a Swiss pastor, it means he's part of the clergy, okay? And what he's going to propose is 00:22:59
these two things okay first we are going to he's going to he wants to abolish 00:23:05
celibacy among priests it means that the priest now can have babies celibacy 00:23:11
means you cannot have babies so Zwinglio or Zwingli he is going to support the 00:23:17
idea of the priests to have babies okay second he is going to abolish the 00:23:24
religious imaginary it means imaginary are all the different pictures representing God representing 00:23:30
Jesus Christ representing the Virgin Mary etc other Saints etc so the idea is swing Lee wants 00:23:39
to abolish celibacy and also he wants to abolish the religious imaginary it means he wants to 00:23:47
is any representation of god why because swingley feels or thinks here is swingley okay he feels 00:23:54
that a catholic person should venerate god itself not the representation of god it means 00:24:05
you are not supposed to pray in front of the image of god that is part of the imaginary what 00:24:16
you need to do is to pray to God directly. It doesn't matter if you have no representation 00:24:24
of God or Jesus Christ, etc. in front of you, okay? So Henry Twigley is a reformer. He is 00:24:31
not following Martin Luther, but he is going to criticize the Catholic Church as well as 00:24:39
Martin Luther. He is going to support the idea of to abolish celibacy and to abolish 00:24:45
the religious imaginary the second one is john calvin juan calvino in spanish okay remember 00:24:52
it's from france it's french french theologian okay it means it's a person that studies god 00:24:59
and the and and knows about the studies related with god and religion so the idea is this french 00:25:07
theologian that studies religion and god vale is going to base or is going to is going to 00:25:14
yes it's going to base his principles on predestination what does it mean if you 00:25:21
remember Catholicism if you are Catholic and if you want to go to heaven what you 00:25:29
need to do is to believe in God and also to behave properly to behave in a 00:25:35
Christian way right to be a good person so Martin Luther has said okay we are in 00:25:41
In order to achieve forgiveness and salvation, what you need is to believe in God, to have faith. 00:25:48
That's it. 00:25:53
Now, John Calvin is saying, okay, you are destined to salvation, or damnation, 00:25:54
es decir, a la salvación, o a la perdición, al infierno, from birth. 00:26:00
So it doesn't matter how you are going to behave, okay? 00:26:07
Because it has been since the very beginning, from birth, when you have been chosen for salvation of that nation. And you can say, okay, I'm going to, you can say, well, if you believe in Calvinism, that is the name of this doctrine proposed by John Calvin, you can behave any way you want. 00:26:12
no that is not true okay you need to behave in a good way but you are going to find tips okay 00:26:34
indications that god is giving you in order to know you have been designated to salvation 00:26:42
or damnation for example imagine i don't know jose manuel jose manuel is a trader jose manuel 00:26:50
is achieving success 00:27:00
selling products 00:27:02
and buying products 00:27:04
so this success is telling him 00:27:05
I am destined for salvation 00:27:08
it means 00:27:11
God is telling this person 00:27:12
through luck 00:27:14
or through success 00:27:16
that he has been 00:27:19
destined to salvation 00:27:20
and not damnation 00:27:23
so John Calvin 00:27:25
his doctrine is based on predestination it means if we are going to go to heaven 00:27:27
it means salvation or we are going to go to hell it has been decided from birth 00:27:33
since the very beginning okay we cannot do anything in order to be to go to 00:27:38
heaven or to go to hell it is going to happen anyway but we can find these 00:27:45
tips okay this this yeah these tips that God is giving us in order to know if we 00:27:50
are going to achieve salvation of the nation so where it's going to appear 00:27:58
this doctrine is going to appear in Geneva in Geneva in Geneva sorry in 00:28:05
Geneva it means in Ginebra in Switzerland in Switzerland okay and it's going to 00:28:11
spread to England Scotland and France but the problem is Calvinism is going to 00:28:17
have different type of names depending on their region it means if Calvinism in 00:28:24
England is going to be called puritanism in Scotland Presbyterianism in France 00:28:33
Huguenotism 00:28:40
Huguenotes 00:28:42
Presbyterianos 00:28:44
Puritanos 00:28:45
So the idea is 00:28:47
The ideas or the principles of John Calvin 00:28:48
Based on predestination are going to express 00:28:51
From Switzerland to these countries 00:28:53
And in these countries we are going to know 00:28:55
This ideology or doctrine 00:28:57
This way 00:28:59
Puritans in England 00:29:01
Presbyterians in Scotland 00:29:03
And Huguenots in France 00:29:05
Here is 00:29:07
John Calvin. And let's see 00:29:10
the last one. The Anglican Church 00:29:14
is going to appear in 00:29:16
1534. The Anglican 00:29:18
Church is a little bit different to 00:29:20
Lutheranism, Calvinism 00:29:22
or Twinglanism. 00:29:25
It's a little bit different. 00:29:27
The Anglican Church is going to 00:29:29
appear in England because Henry 00:29:30
VIII, Enrique VIII 00:29:32
that was married to 00:29:34
Catherine of Aragon 00:29:36
that is a daughter of the 00:29:38
Catholic monarchs 00:29:40
wants the divorce the idea is henry the eighth was married to catherine of aragon 00:29:42
catherine of aragon is not giving him a son is giving him a daughter and catherine of aragon 00:29:47
is a little bit old so he knows that he she cannot give him more babies so the idea is 00:29:55
henry the eighth is going to get in contact with the pope is going to talk to the pope and is going 00:30:03
to ask for the divorce he wants to get divorced from catherine of aragon because he wants a 00:30:09
younger wife in order to have a son a man that is going to inherit his kingdom what is going to 00:30:15
happen the pope is going to say no the pope is going to reject to give him or to accept 00:30:26
Henry VIII to divorce from Catherine of Aragon in that moment Henry VIII is going to say okay 00:30:34
you don't want to accept the divorce I'm going to be divorced and I'm going to create my own 00:30:43
church remember in Europe has appeared Lutheranism a new church different from the Catholic one 00:30:49
calvinism and also the twingly one so the idea is he is going to create his own his own church 00:30:56
here is henry the eighth here is catherine of aragon so he was to divorce from this woman 00:31:07
in order to do that he is going to sign a law and this law is called act of supremacy 00:31:15
is the legal text in order to create the church 00:31:21
a new church, the Anglican church 00:31:25
if in the Catholic church 00:31:28
the head of the church is the Pope 00:31:31
in the Anglican church 00:31:35
the head is the King 00:31:38
for example, nowadays 00:31:41
in England or in the United Kingdom 00:31:44
the head of the Anglican church 00:31:47
is Elizabeth II, Isabel II, the queen of the United Kingdom. 00:31:50
So the idea is, during the 16th century, 00:31:57
we are going to have this reformation movement, 00:31:59
this religious movement called reformation. 00:32:02
It's going to appear as a movement, a religious movement, 00:32:04
against or to criticize all the corruption in the Catholic Church. 00:32:08
The main person or the first reformer was Martin Luther. 00:32:14
but there are going to appear new ones 00:32:19
like Twingly or Calvin 00:32:22
and another one 00:32:23
the Anglican Church created by 00:32:25
Henry VIII, so in Europe 00:32:28
what we are going to have 00:32:30
is this map related 00:32:32
with the different 00:32:34
churches 00:32:35
the 00:32:37
green one is the Catholic countries 00:32:38
the red one is the regions 00:32:42
of the countries where Lutheranism 00:32:46
is going to spread so where people is going to read the bible and interpret on their own 00:32:48
where the priest is not going to be that important where the the church must be poor and not rich 00:32:52
okay and we are going to find calvinism where in scotland remember presbyterianism hugonots in 00:32:59
france okay and we are going to find calvinism okay in switzerland okay so these are the regions 00:33:06
where we are going to find Calvinism the last one is Anglicanism that is going to 00:33:16
appear in England and part of Ireland so this church is going to be controlled by 00:33:22
the king or queen of England nowadays these different branches of 00:33:27
christianism still exist okay there is the Lutheran Church exists the Calvinist 00:33:34
Church exists, or Presbyterian Church exists, and the Anglican Church exists as well as 00:33:41
the Catholic one. 00:33:47
Autor/es:
Rubén Peinado González
Subido por:
Ruben P.
Licencia:
Dominio público
Visualizaciones:
92
Fecha:
18 de marzo de 2020 - 8:52
Visibilidad:
Público
Centro:
IES ANTARES
Duración:
33′ 51″
Relación de aspecto:
2.05:1
Resolución:
1920x936 píxeles
Tamaño:
81.36 MBytes

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