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Hiroshima and Nagasaki - Contenido educativo

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Subido el 5 de mayo de 2023 por Luis H.

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Okay class, today we are going to finish with the final class about the Second World War. 00:00:00

We explained yesterday what happened in the theater of war in Europe and today we are 00:00:11

going to pay attention about what happened on the Pacific theater of war, the Pacific 00:00:17

Ocean. What happened on the Pacific Ocean? The United States on the Pacific Ocean plan, 00:00:26

they were planning from the beginning to invade the Japan territory. So from the beginning 00:00:36

of the, in this theater of war, this theater of war on the Pacific Ocean, the United States 00:00:43

was planning to invade the Japanese territory. But finally, for two different reasons, they 00:00:51

changed their plans. What happened? Why did President Truman change his plans? For two 00:01:04

different reasons. It was for the actions of the Kamikazes. The Kamikazes were the Japanese 00:01:14

fighters, the Japanese pilots who hit themselves against the American warships. They were the 00:01:24

Japanese fighters, the Japanese pilots who hit themselves against the American warships. 00:01:37

And for the reason, President Truman understood that the Japanese would fight up to the end. 00:01:48

They, President Truman understood also that the Japanese were not planning to surrender. 00:01:57

And also it was really, really important. It was really, really important for President 00:02:05

Truman to change his plan. What happened in the Battle of Okinawa? The Battle of Okinawa 00:02:11

was key for President Truman to change his plans. We are going to study in depth later 00:02:21

on what happened in the Battle of Okinawa. But both reasons, both reasons, the actions 00:02:30

of the Kamikazes and the Battle of Okinawa were key to President Truman to understand 00:02:36

that the Japanese would commit to fight themselves up to the end. And that's why President Truman 00:02:45

changed his plans. And he was forced, he was forced to drop the atomic bombs due to 00:02:55

the Kamikazes and due to the Battle of Okinawa. President Truman was forced to use the atomic 00:03:06

bombs over Hiroshima and Nagasaki during the month of August in 1945, which caused 00:03:14

the figure, which caused that 200,000 people died due to the bombings, due to the atomic 00:03:28

bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. So now we are going to study in depth the Battle 00:03:39

of Okinawa because it was a turning point on the Pacific Ocean. It was key for President 00:03:49

Truman to change his plans because remember President Roosevelt died. He died for natural 00:03:55

reasons. He was very sick. And his vice president, President Truman came into power as a president. 00:04:02

And it was key for him what happened in the Battle of Okinawa. The Battle of Okinawa lasted 00:04:14

from the 1st of April to the 22nd of June in 1945. And I agree with many historians 00:04:20

because for many historians, many historians said that this battle was the major class 00:04:30

in the Second World War because the battle lasted, pay attention, 83 days. They were 00:04:37

fighting the Americans against the Japanese during 83 days continuously. And there were 00:04:44

several causes of this battle that I'm going to explain in a minute. So the Americans, 00:04:56

after conquering the islands on the Pacific Ocean, as we have studied before, they conquered 00:05:06

first the fortress of Bravao, the Solomon Islands, then the Marianas Islands and the 00:05:14

Philippines. And from there, they took the island of Saipan in the Marianas Islands. 00:05:24

And from there, the Americans wanted to conquer the island of Iwo Jima and Okinawa. They conquered 00:05:34

first Iwo Jima. I don't know if you've seen the movie Letters from Iwo Jima. Clint Eastwood 00:05:42

was the director of this movie. And the Americans were planning to conquer both islands, Iwo 00:05:53

Jima and Okinawa, for several reasons. First of all, because the Allies, above all the 00:06:02

Americans, were planning to bomb strategic targets here in the Japanese archipelago from 00:06:09

Iwo Jima and Okinawa. So again, the Americans, the United States, above all on the Pacific 00:06:19

Ocean, above all landed in Iwo Jima and Okinawa, because they were planning from here, from 00:06:28

Iwo Jima and Okinawa, to bomb strategic targets in the Japanese archipelago. And also, also 00:06:40

they wanted to conquer Iwo Jima and Okinawa, because they were preparing the ground. They 00:06:52

wanted to prepare the ground for an amphibious invasion. So they wanted to conquer Iwo Jima 00:07:01

and Okinawa for two different reasons. Because they wanted both islands, they wanted to take 00:07:12

over both islands to bomb strategic points in the Japanese archipelago. And also because they 00:07:19

were preparing the one amphibious invasion, like in the Normandy landings. They wanted to force 00:07:27

the Japanese government to surrender. But the Japanese, above all in Okinawa, because the 00:07:36

Americans conquered Iwo Jima first, they didn't have in Iwo Jima as much problems as in Okinawa. 00:07:46

But in Okinawa it was a different story. The Japanese were committed to defend the island 00:07:55

up to the end. They would prefer to die rather than giving the island to the Americans. 00:08:02

And for this reason, it was key, the Japanese propaganda. The Japanese propaganda said to the 00:08:09

Japanese population in Okinawa that if they fell in American hands, they would be raped. 00:08:17

They would be killed for the Americans. And for this reason, the Japanese population who were 00:08:26

living in Okinawa, they were committed to defend the island up to the end. 00:08:33

So for this reason, due to the Japanese propaganda, 00:08:41

in Okinawa the Japanese built two networks of fortresses. 00:08:45

And it was true that the Americans landed on the Okinawa beaches without problems. 00:08:51

But when they walked into the island, in the inner part of the island, they found two different lines 00:09:00

of fortresses. The Japanese dug up different fortresses in caves, in two different lines of 00:09:08

fortresses in the island of Okinawa. And it was extremely, extremely difficult for the Americans 00:09:18

to advance. Actually, pay attention to the figures. More than 100,000 Japanese soldiers 00:09:25

and civilians died in Okinawa. So it was a bloody, bloody massacre. And also, 00:09:36

more than 10,000 Americans died in Okinawa. But in total, there were more than 70,000 casualties. 00:09:45

So that's why President Truman changed. As a consequence of that, President Truman changed 00:09:58

his plans. Because he knew from his generals who were operating in Okinawa, actually the main 00:10:04

general who was fighting in Okinawa died in this invasion. And when Truman knew from his general, 00:10:16

from the rest of his generals, that the Japanese were committed to defend the island and the 00:10:24

archipelago up to the end, he thought that if he invaded the Japanese archipelago, even more 00:10:30

people would die. And for this reason, he changed his plans. And there was another cause that 00:10:38

explained why President Truman changed his plans. But we have Alejandro's question. Alejandro. 00:10:46

Alejandro Cremaschi Why do you say that there were 76,000 casualties if there were... 00:10:53

Alejandro Cremaschi They were wounded. But seriously wounded, Alejandro. 00:11:04

Alejandro Cremaschi So, exactly. So, all of these causes explain 00:11:15

President Truman's changing his plans. But also, when President Truman asked for another alternative, 00:11:23

there was a meeting. This is only to know more, okay. But at that time, there was a meeting, 00:11:33

a special meeting between President Truman and his generals. And when President Truman knew that 00:11:39

around 200,000 people died in Okinawa, President Truman asked for another alternative to his 00:11:47

generals. And his generals, their generals, the American generals said to President Truman that 00:11:57

the only alternative, maybe the only alternative would be the atomic bomb. Because the atomic bomb 00:12:05

was tested successfully on the 16th of July in New Mexico. And the generals said to President 00:12:15

Truman that the only possibility, the only alternative to the invasion would be to the 00:12:28

invasion of the Japanese archipelago, would be dropping the atomic bomb over 00:12:35

two different cities in the Japanese archipelago. So, the director of this atomic program 00:12:45

was Robert Oppenheimer. The project was called the Manhattan Project. And they were building, 00:12:57

the Americans, American scientists were building the atomic bomb in New Mexico. 00:13:06

They tested the atomic bomb in New Mexico successfully. But when Robert Oppenheimer 00:13:14

knew that President Truman was thinking about using the atomic bomb over the Japanese archipelago, 00:13:25

he begged President Truman not to use the atomic bomb. Robert Oppenheimer would have preferred 00:13:33

to warn the Japanese government in advance that the Americans were planning to use 00:13:44

the atomic bomb if the Japanese government didn't surrender. 00:13:52

But President Truman obeyed orders from, for this reason, President Truman was convinced by 00:14:00

Robert Oppenheimer. And in the post-dam conference from July to August, I mean at the end of the war, 00:14:10

President Truman, here in the image together with Churchill and Stalin, President Truman 00:14:19

warned the Japanese government that if they don't surrender, he would use the atomic bomb 00:14:26

over one particular city in the Japanese archipelago. 00:14:38

But the Japanese government was composed of, the vast majority of them were members of the army 00:14:44

at this point. They were very fanatics. They sympathized with fascism and Nazism. That's 00:14:52

why they made an alliance with Hitler. At this point in the war, the military army, 00:15:04

sorry for the expression, but they were calling the shots in the Japanese government. They were 00:15:15

the ones who gave the orders, not only in battle, but also for the rest of the political decisions, 00:15:21

economic decisions in Japan. And it was true that President Truman warned them, 00:15:30

but the Japanese government didn't pay attention to these warnings. And for this reason, 00:15:40

the Japanese government forced President Truman to drop the atomic bombs over Hiroshima and 00:15:47

Nagasaki. President Truman dropped the bombs on the 6th of August over Hiroshima. And when the 00:15:56

Japanese government didn't surrender, he dropped another bomb over Nagasaki. It was true that it 00:16:08

was terrible. It was a human disaster for humanity, for mankind, 00:16:20

because more than 200,000 people died due to the droppings, due to the bombings. 00:16:30

But it was true also that President Truman, together with his generals, estimated the figure 00:16:38

of the American soldiers and the Japanese civilians that they would die if the American 00:16:48

troops had invaded the Japanese archipelago. And his generals and President Truman estimated that 00:16:58

if the Americans had invaded the Japanese archipelago, pay attention, more than 1 million 00:17:07

people would have died due to the invasion. So it was true that it was too much. 200,000 people 00:17:15

died due to the atomic bombings. But if the Americans would have invaded the Japanese 00:17:25

archipelago, it was estimated that 1 million people would die. I'm not justifying the 00:17:34

atomic bombings because I'm completely against that. But it was true also that the Japanese 00:17:45

government was really, really responsible because they were committed to defend the 00:17:55

Japanese archipelago up to the end. They would prefer to die. And that's why, in my view, 00:18:00

in my humble opinion, the Japanese government had to surrender before. 00:18:10

And they were also responsible. Actually, at the end of the war, there were some trials, 00:18:23

like in Nuremberg, to put on trial the Japanese government because they were responsible for these 00:18:34

massacres. Also, in Okinawa, they were responsible for the atomic bombings because sometimes 00:18:42

we forgot that the Americans gave warnings to the Japanese government. 00:18:50

So, for this reason, on the 6th or on the 9th of August, there were two atomic bombings over 00:18:57

Hiroshima and Nagasaki. And this is the moment when the Japanese, after the atomic bombings, 00:19:08

obviously, was the moment when the Japanese surrendered. And on the 2nd of September, 00:19:14

the war was over. It's a real pity because I have here some documentaries to see the 00:19:23

images of the atomic bombings. But if you write, for example, in YouTube, 00:19:29

atomic bombings, there's here one really good documentary. It was like a movie from BBC. 00:19:35

And also, you might find the real images of the atomic bombings. Maybe now is not the best moment 00:19:45

to see images like this, but I strongly recommend it to understand the end of the war. 00:19:54

So, we're going to finish with the consequences of this war. We are about to finish. What was 00:20:03

the first consequence of this war? Well, basically, many, many people died in this war. 00:20:09

The level of destruction in the infrastructure was paramount. I'm going to give you some 00:20:18

figures, important figures, because in this war, it was estimated that from 50 million to 00:20:25

60 million, I would say that more than 60 million people died in this war. 00:20:34

It was incredible, more than the population of Spain. 60 million people died in this war. 00:20:40

It was a complete failure for mankind, for humanity. 60 million people died. 00:20:49

And also, 40 million people were displaced. Here, we are going to see the figures. 60 million people 00:20:58

died. The vast majority of them in the Soviet Union, which suffered a lot. Also, in Poland, 00:21:07

less in Germany, but in the Soviet Union, almost 20 million people died 00:21:14

from the war. In Poland, due to the Holocaust, 6 million. Alejandro, go on. Ask away. 00:21:22

In China, there were even more casualties than in Poland, but it doesn't mention that. 00:21:33

Yes, exactly. You're right, but it's only about the war in Europe. I'm going to talk later on 00:21:39

about the figures in China due to the Japanese invasion. It was terrible. Exactly, you're right. 00:21:47

Sorry about that. It was true also that 40 million people were displaced. They lost 00:21:58

their homes due to the border modifications, due to the border changes. 00:22:07

At the end of the war, I'm going to show you this map to clarify this point. In May 1945, 00:22:13

40 million people were homeless. 60 million people died, but 40 million people were homeless 00:22:24

at the end of the war. Why? Because some German people who were living, 00:22:34

German speakers who were living in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Czech Republic, 00:22:42

Yugoslavia, they lost their homes. For this reason, they were homeless. 00:22:51

30 million people, 30 million Germans were expelled from their countries, as I said before. 00:22:58

It was terrible. The level of destruction in infrastructure was completely terrible for Europe. 00:23:04

That's why Europe lost its position as a prominent continent in the world. 00:23:14

Europe gave its place to the United States and to the Soviet Union as superpowers because the 00:23:23

United States and the Soviet Union were the ones who won this war. After the war, there was a moral 00:23:31

trauma completely because we need to remember some disasters in this war. The first one, 00:23:38

I will say, I will point out because the disasters in this war, they weren't only 00:23:48

for the Nazis. Also, the Soviet Union, when they invaded Poland, they killed 20,000 police officers 00:23:55

and soldiers. They buried them in this mass grave in Poland. Stalin said that the one who was 00:24:09

responsible was Hitler when Stalin was the main instigator of this massacre in Katyn. 00:24:17

There's a really good Polish movie which is called Katyn. You want to see the origins and 00:24:27

the causes of this disaster. Also, we really need to remember the Holocaust against the 00:24:35

Jewish community. Only in Auschwitz, 1 million people, 1 million Jews died. But in total, 00:24:41

more or less around 6 million members of the Jewish community died. As Alejandro said before, 00:24:50

exactly also in the Pacific Ocean, the Japanese government, when they invaded many countries on 00:24:58

the Pacific Ocean, they committed genocide. Only with the invasion of Nanjing, around 00:25:03

300,000 Chinese died only in the invasion of Nanjing. So imagine 00:25:15

in the rest of the countries when the Japanese invaded countries in Asia. 00:25:21

For the recent class, we are about to finish. What were also the political repercussions of 00:25:28

this war? Well, we are going to finish with this block, with this part of the unit, because we 00:25:34

started with the totalitarian regimes, with fascism in Italy, and now fascism in Italy and 00:25:41

Nazism in Germany disappeared. The totalitarian regimes disappeared, with the only exception of 00:25:50

the Soviet Union. But when Stalin died in 1953, there were also some changes in the Soviet Union 00:26:00

when Khrushchev came into power. It was the end of the gulags. It was the end, for example, 00:26:11

of the concentration camps in the Soviet Union. And it was true that the Soviet Union, after 00:26:17

Stalin, was far away from being a democracy. But there were also some changes when Stalin died in 00:26:25

1953 in the Soviet Union. So the totalitarian regimes disappeared. Democracies were established 00:26:33

in the vast majority of the countries again. But it began a new order. It began a new order. 00:26:44

It began the Cold War, a new war, the Cold War. 00:26:52

Basically, class, because the Soviet Union, as we explained before, 00:26:57

in the end of the war, in the end of the Second World War, they invaded. The Russians invaded 00:27:04

the vast majority of the countries in Eastern Europe. And the United States 00:27:11

were really afraid of that because the United States saw that the Soviet invasion of the 00:27:20

also in the West, Western Europe, was possible. And for this reason, the United States 00:27:29

gave the order to start the Plan Marshall in order to help the Baltic countries and countries 00:27:38

on Western Europe because they were really afraid of the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union 00:27:46

and the communists, for example, were really important in Italy. The political party, 00:27:53

the communists, were really important in Italy and in France at the end of the war, 00:27:58

at the end of the Second World War. The United States was really afraid of this 00:28:04

idea because the United States wanted to avoid that the Soviet Union 00:28:10

helped also the countries in Western Europe. The United States wanted to avoid the influence of 00:28:18

the Soviet Union on Western Europe. And for this reason, they began the Plan Marshall. 00:28:26

They gave money, funds, and they built, again, the infrastructure on Western Europe 00:28:32

to avoid, so as to avoid, in order to avoid the influence from the Soviet Union. 00:28:39

And I'm going to finish with an example because for General Franco, we are going to explain what 00:28:47

happened in Spain. General Franco ended in isolation at the end of the Spanish Civil War 00:28:53

and also at the end of the Second World War in 1945. We are going to travel to 1945. 00:29:01

General Franco was in complete isolation, but the Americans needed him to establish 00:29:09

air bases here in Spain in order to bring weaponry and also planes 00:29:19

in order to fight against the Soviet Union. And this decision, when in 1953, General Franco 00:29:33

signed a treaty with the United States, this treaty helped Franco to survive, 00:29:41

not only him, but also its regime. It was incredible because General Franco was in 00:29:48

complete isolation in 1945. And in 1955, after signing the treaty between Franco and the United 00:29:57

States, Spain entered the United Nations. He became an ally of the United States in order 00:30:09

to fight against the Soviet Union. This is an example of the Cold War, which started 00:30:23

in 1945 onwards up to 1989 due to the Berlin Wall, when the Berlin Wall fell. 00:30:29

So, we started with the theater of war on the Pacific Ocean and we explained the origins of 00:30:45

the Cold War, which gave the chance to Franco to survive, not only him, but also its regime. 00:30:52

So, we have finished here and we have finished also the topic about the Second World War. 00:31:03

Autor/es:: Luis Horrillo Sánchez
Subido por:: Luis H.
Visualizaciones:: 7
Fecha:: 5 de mayo de 2023 - 9:47
Visibilidad:: Público
Centro:: IES CERVANTES
Duración:: 31′ 11″
Relación de aspecto:: 17:9 Es más ancho pero igual de alto que 16:9 (1.77:1). Se utiliza en algunas resoluciones, como por ejemplo: 2K, 4K y 8K.
Resolución:: 1860x978 píxeles
Tamaño:: 1023.18 MBytes