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Liberalism and nationalism 3 de 4 - Contenido educativo

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Subido el 28 de julio de 2023 por Lucas U.

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In the last video we explained how the directory moved into the consulate. 00:00:00
So Napoleon became the first consul, ok? 00:00:11
Remember the directory was a 5 members government, the consulate was 3 members government and 00:00:17
then Napoleon became the first consul of this consulate. 00:00:23
So we can talk right now from consulate to empire, ok? 00:00:30
Because Napoleon is going to become the first consul forever, remember we will talk about 00:00:39
that forever as, it's something like to say the emperor. 00:00:46
Well, the first thing he did when he achieved the government was pacification. 00:00:56
He wanted to achieve the pacification implementing different type of reforms. 00:01:04
First of all he eliminated the most radical factions. 00:01:12
Remember the problem there was with the Jacobins and the Girondists, ok? 00:01:15
He eliminated the most radical factions, that was very important to end with this reign 00:01:23
of terror. 00:01:30
He encouraged the return of the exiled nobility, remember the nobles who went out, well he 00:01:32
tried them to come back with their money, with their investments, ok? 00:01:38
Remember in this time it's the period of the beginning of the industrial revolution so 00:01:46
it's important the nobles come over here to invest. 00:01:53
On the other hand we have the Concordat with the Holy See, the Holy See remember, the Vatican. 00:02:00
Well he recognized the catholic faith in France but with some agreements. 00:02:08
The church would not reclaim the lands confiscated during the revolution so this is important. 00:02:16
So they could recognize the catholic faith but the church couldn't reclaim the confiscated 00:02:23
lands. 00:02:31
But there were other reforms, very important reforms. 00:02:35
Let's talk about the internal reforms. 00:02:41
First of all, civil code, which is going to be very important. 00:02:43
In 1804 the civil code was based on revolutionary principles. 00:02:49
What does it mean? 00:02:55
Well, equality, remember, equality, everyone is equal in the eyes of the law, that means 00:02:56
that the nobles didn't have more rights or privileges than the rest of the people anymore. 00:03:03
We can talk about the right of property and economic freedom and of course the separation 00:03:14
of church and state, ok? 00:03:20
This is going to be very important. 00:03:22
Remember the power of the church during the old regime. 00:03:25
Well, another important reform was to create a system of public welfare assistance. 00:03:31
This is going to be very important and it's kind of the basis or the beginning of what 00:03:38
we have today. 00:03:46
Same as the public education, ok? 00:03:49
So this is going to be very important because then many of the countries are going to adapt 00:03:51
these reforms. 00:03:57
Then he created many monuments to promote the regime. 00:04:01
Well, thanks to these reforms he did, his popularity increased, so at the end, he is 00:04:11
what I told you before, he was elected to be the first consul for life, ok? 00:04:19
So he would become the emperor forever, ok? 00:04:29
Well, time to talk about the empire of Napoleon Bonaparte, 1805-1815, this is very important 00:04:33
to remember. 00:04:42
Now, Napoleon intended to build an empire in Europe and France. 00:04:43
He managed to control a large portion of Western Europe, we will see the map in the next slide. 00:04:48
He conducted several victorious campaigns in Austerlitz, in Ulm, Jena, well, in many 00:04:56
places. 00:05:04
Well, there was an exception, an important exception. 00:05:05
Great Britain defeated the French several times, especially in the Battle of Trafalgar 00:05:08
in 1805. 00:05:15
Well, they created a continental blockade against the United Kingdom. 00:05:17
No country could trade with Great Britain. 00:05:25
There were some exceptions. 00:05:31
Some countries cheated this blockade and that was an excuse for France to attack them. 00:05:37
It's what happened to Portugal and that's the reason they crossed through Spain to go 00:05:46
to Portugal and then he managed to conquer or to invade Spain. 00:05:54
We will talk about that. 00:06:01
In the conquered countries, the government was given to members of Napoleon's family 00:06:05
what happened in Spain, for example. 00:06:10
But the most important thing of this conquers or this occupation of all these countries 00:06:15
in Europe is that he introduced a revolutionary or the revolutionary ideas. 00:06:24
So it was like the seed of the liberalism. 00:06:30
So in the future, these ideas, these seeds will become revolutions all over Europe. 00:06:35
Well, he also produced new constitution in all these countries. 00:06:45
He also established the Napoleonic civil code, the one we saw just two slides before. 00:06:52
And at the end, he abolished seniorial rights. 00:07:00
This means the old regime. 00:07:05
So he abolished the old regime and this is seniorial rights. 00:07:08
At the end, however, French domination in the occupied countries provoked nationalist 00:07:12
movements that fought against the foreign invasion. 00:07:18
So these nationalist movements just didn't agree with the French invasion, even if these 00:07:22
ideas were good for them because it was the transition or the end of the old regime, which 00:07:30
was good for the commoners and for the bourgeois classes. 00:07:41
Well, 15 years later, just 15 years later, we can talk about the fall of Napoleon. 00:07:48
Well, the French domination was not accepted and strong nationalist movements. 00:07:57
Remember these nationalist movements because they are going to be very important in the future. 00:08:02
These nationalist movements appear in many of the regions of Europe, not just against the 00:08:11
French, that it was just the spark, but for many other reasons, nationalist ideas. 00:08:18
OK, well, after the failure of the Grand Armée in Russia in 1812 and also the defeat on the 00:08:27
Iberian Peninsula, important in 1814, a coalition of countries formed by the United Kingdom, 00:08:36
Austria, Prussia and Russia entered in Paris. 00:08:43
Well, in this moment, Napoleon was exiled to the island of Elba and the monarchy, the 00:08:46
monarchy was reestablished in France with Louis XVIII. 00:08:54
OK, now for this time, we have Napoleon exiled in Elba and Louis XVIII in Paris. 00:09:00
OK, so there is something like a restoration just for 100 days, actually. 00:09:16
OK, then let's see what is going on. 00:09:26
Exactly, Napoleon escaped, escaped from Elba and he restored the power just 100 days after 00:09:29
he was exiled in Elba. 00:09:37
But just once he got the power of the of the army, he was defeated once again in Waterloo, 00:09:40
in Belgium, Waterloo. 00:09:50
And at the end, he was exiled in the island of Saint Helena, much more far away in the 00:09:52
middle of the Atlantic Ocean. 00:09:59
Check where this Elba or Saint Helena was. 00:10:02
Let's, oops, let's move to it. 00:10:07
Well, as you can see, Saint Helena is just right here in the middle of the ocean. 00:10:13
If we go right here, Saint Helena, it was much more difficult to escape from there. 00:10:19
So at the end of the Napoleonic Empire, we have a period that is called the restoration, 00:10:34
la restauración, the restoration of the old regime and the restoration of the old 00:10:41
monarchies of the different countries of Europe. 00:10:47
So Great Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia tried to restore absolutism again to rebuild 00:10:51
the map of Europe in the Congress of Vienna. 00:10:59
So the Congress of Vienna is going to organize the map of Europe again. 00:11:02
They want to to control. 00:11:09
So they want to create an agreement so no country becomes too powerful. 00:11:12
So they want to manage a balance between the power of the different countries of 00:11:25
Europe. Well, this Congress of Vienna are going to restore the borders to the ones 00:11:32
there were before the French occupations. 00:11:39
Then they're going to depose the monarchs they were reinstated. 00:11:45
Remember those ones that Napoleon put into the government of the different countries? 00:11:50
Well, and they decided that international questions should be discussed at diplomatic 00:11:55
conferences before going to war. 00:12:04
This is quite a good thing because they are trying to manage the differences peacefully, 00:12:08
or at least they try to. 00:12:14
And then there is something very important, especially to Spain, not just Spain, but 00:12:16
other countries. But to Spain was very important that they decided that foreign 00:12:22
intervention would be allowed in the case of revolution because revolution was their 00:12:28
main enemy. 00:12:34
OK, the enemy was the revolution. 00:12:37
So they were going to act in any country that the revolution appear. 00:12:40
That that happened to Spain. 00:12:48
OK, that happened to Spain. 00:12:51
That's why I say it was going to be important. 00:12:52
Well, despite the return of the absolutism, the ideology, the ideology of the French 00:12:57
Revolution has a spirit. 00:13:03
Remember about the seat I told you before, the ideology, the ideas of the liberalism 00:13:04
spirit started to be defended by the middle classes, especially the bourgeois and even 00:13:13
the communists, of course, in different European countries. 00:13:19
So the seat of the Napoleonic Empire and the French Revolution was very good, at 00:13:24
least to spread the ideas of what ideas the liberalism and what this liberalism 00:13:32
proclaimed. Individual freedom, remember, and this liberalism, if you remember, it 00:13:40
was against the absolute monarchy and this liberalism also demanded constitution and 00:13:47
this constitution, if you remember, declared the separation of powers, parliamentary 00:13:53
representation and religious tolerance. 00:14:01
That means that they could believe in whatever religion they wanted. 00:14:04
OK, but during this restoration, the liberalism was forbidden, even the seat was 00:14:10
there. So there will be several revolutions to restore the liberalism. 00:14:21
OK, so we can talk about revolutionary waves, OK, revolutionary waves in the 20s, in 00:14:30
the 30s and in the 1848. 00:14:40
OK, this is going to be very important. 00:14:43
Well, in the 20s, in several countries appear anti-absolutist movements, like in 00:14:46
Spain, in Portugal, in Piedmont, which is right here in the north of Italy, also in 00:14:52
Greece and Naples, which is another state, independent state in the south of Italy. 00:15:00
Well, the monarchs of these territories had to accept, they didn't want to, but they 00:15:06
had to accept the proclamation of constitution. 00:15:11
OK, why? Because there were revolutionary movements. 00:15:14
OK, so the people uprise against this absurdism. 00:15:18
So they proclaim the liberalism and the monarch had to write or had to sign up and 00:15:23
accept a constitution. 00:15:33
But as we talk about just before, the Congress of Vienna attacked, sent the army 00:15:36
against these movements, these anti-absolutist movements, this revolution. 00:15:47
So that's why this wave of revolutions in these countries failed. 00:15:54
OK, they failed. 00:16:01
And monarchies and absolutism were established again. 00:16:04
So let's talk about the 30s now. 00:16:10
Well, the wave of revolution, the revolution of the 30s began in France, especially when 00:16:14
the liberal revolution deposed Charles X, who wanted to go back to something, to the 00:16:25
hardest way of old regime. 00:16:34
Well, so people didn't accept. 00:16:36
At the end, they tried to kill him, but he could to flee to England. 00:16:39
Well, he was replaced by Louis-Philippe d'Orleans, who accepted to create a 00:16:46
constitutional monarchy. 00:16:54
That's why he agreed to write a constitution. 00:16:56
Well, this wave extended to Belgium, to Spain, Portugal, Poland and other countries of 00:17:00
Europe. Once in power, the liberals became conservatives. 00:17:10
The liberals who were the bourgeois, the bourgeoises, they became conservatives and 00:17:17
they limit rights and liberties and they established census suffrage. 00:17:23
That means that just the wealthy people could vote. 00:17:29
So just was very good for the upper classes, but not for the commoners, not for the rest 00:17:33
of the people. Well, then we have the one of the most important wave of revolution in 00:17:40
1848. 00:17:49
This had a stronger popular support. 00:17:51
In France, the Second Republic is proclaimed. 00:17:55
This is going to be important in Prussia, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Germanic 00:18:00
Confederation and several Italian states. 00:18:09
These movements proclaim in all these territories, they proclaim popular sovereignty, 00:18:14
which we have been talking about quite a lot, universal male suffrage, we have been 00:18:21
talking about this quite a lot, social equality. 00:18:27
We have been talking about this very much and more civil rights. 00:18:30
So that means liberalism. 00:18:35
OK, as the movements became more radical, the middle class established conservative 00:18:40
liberal regimes. 00:18:46
OK, the middle class established conservative liberal regimes. 00:18:48
And what does it mean? 00:18:54
They tried, they achieved to create the liberalism, but they were further on 00:18:56
conservative. They want to, they didn't want to keep moving forward to achieve more 00:19:06
rights for the people, especially for the low class or the lower class people, the 00:19:13
workers, the peasants. 00:19:20
This is just what the bourgeoisie wanted, what the bourgeoisie wanted, which was to 00:19:22
achieve not just the economical power, but also the political power. 00:19:32
They got it right now. 00:19:39
And from now on, now, once they have the political power and the economical power, 00:19:40
they become conservatives. 00:19:46
Well, the consequences of these liberal revolutions, well, in most of these Western 00:19:51
countries, they adopted constitutions, important, they adopted universal male suffrage. 00:19:58
Be careful with this because they are going to fight quite a lot to achieve the 00:20:04
universal male suffrage because they are going to move through different type of this 00:20:12
census suffrage until they reach the universal male suffrage. 00:20:22
And then they are going to adopt these liberal ideas in most of these countries. 00:20:27
On the other hand, we have the Central and Eastern Europe, which they cannot manage to 00:20:34
adopt all these improvements they did in the in the Western Europe. 00:20:39
They achieve all the things, not very much. 00:20:44
For example, the serfdom was abolished, OK? 00:20:51
It was abolished in paper, but in real life, they continue until the 20th century. 00:20:56
And all the new democratic ideas spread during the second half of the century. 00:21:03
They spread, but they didn't apply them. 00:21:09
So at the end, the Central and Eastern Europe, they were still living in the old regime. 00:21:11
OK, and this is the last part of this video. 00:21:20
Idioma/s:
en
Autor/es:
Lucas Úbeda Álvarez
Subido por:
Lucas U.
Licencia:
Reconocimiento - No comercial
Visualizaciones:
4
Fecha:
28 de julio de 2023 - 12:41
Visibilidad:
Clave
Centro:
CP INF-PRI PADRE GARRALDA
Duración:
21′ 27″
Relación de aspecto:
4:3 Hasta 2009 fue el estándar utilizado en la televisión PAL; muchas pantallas de ordenador y televisores usan este estándar, erróneamente llamado cuadrado, cuando en la realidad es rectangular o wide.
Resolución:
1024x768 píxeles
Tamaño:
266.15 MBytes

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