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Liberalism and Nationalism 1 de 4 - Contenido educativo

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Subido el 28 de julio de 2023 por Lucas U.

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Today we begin with the unit number two, liberalism and nationalism, or, as it says in your book, 00:00:00
the age of revolution. 00:00:11
Right here you have the index we are going to follow. 00:00:17
We are going to begin with the revolutionary process and the American Revolution. 00:00:21
This will be one video. 00:00:25
The second video will be about the French Revolution and the evolution of the French 00:00:28
Revolution. 00:00:33
Then we will talk about Europe under Napoleon. 00:00:35
We won't see right now in this unit the Bourbon Restoration because we have a unit about Spain. 00:00:41
So we will jump to the liberal revolutions of the 19th century and then we will finish 00:00:49
with nationalism and the birth of new states, especially Germany and Italy. 00:00:57
So first video, second video, third video, and probably we will need just four small 00:01:06
videos. 00:01:14
You must know that the reforms of the Enlightenment did not solve the problems of the old regime. 00:01:18
They were not enough. 00:01:25
The Enlightened Deputism was not enough. 00:01:27
So at the end, the old regime came to an end through revolution. 00:01:31
What is a revolution? 00:01:37
It's a sudden and fundamental change to a system or a situation. 00:01:38
So this unit we are going to talk about, it's the Age of Revolution. 00:01:44
There will be many revolutions, that means many changes to a situation or a political 00:01:50
system. 00:01:58
But the most important one in this period is the Bourgeois Revolution and the end of 00:02:02
the old regime. 00:02:09
Well, it happens at the end of the 18th and 19th century. 00:02:12
The bourgeoisie is the one leading this revolution. 00:02:16
Well the non-privileged and the bourgeoisie were benefit from this revolution. 00:02:22
They were the ones who are going to get some beneficence about this revolution. 00:02:27
Well these are mainly political revolutions. 00:02:34
Also economical but mostly political. 00:02:39
Of course other aspects of life were also influential in the desire of change. 00:02:44
Well now pay attention to the painting because at the end we will talk about it. 00:02:53
Let's continue step by step. 00:03:00
By the end of the 18th century the old models of government, society, science and economics 00:03:03
were obsolete, were old. 00:03:09
Drastic changes were imposed. 00:03:14
Well right here we are going to compare the old system through the new regulatory changes. 00:03:18
Now in a political level during the old regime we have the absolute monarchy. 00:03:26
Well the revolutionary changes were to establish a liberal political system that is based on 00:03:33
rights and national sovereignty and separations of powers that we have been talking about 00:03:40
during the unit number one. 00:03:48
Well at an economic level the old regime is characterized by an agrarian economy and the 00:03:51
revolutionary changes are going to establish a urban and industrial system. 00:03:59
Why? 00:04:07
Because technology and science are going to develop. 00:04:08
At a social level during the old regime there are three state systems based on birthright. 00:04:14
Birthright means that nobody can change their social class. 00:04:24
They live where they were born. 00:04:32
During the revolutionary changes the class based society founded on values and personal 00:04:36
merit measured by wealth. 00:04:41
Everything now is measured by wealth, by money, power, land. 00:04:45
And this new class is going to rule it. 00:04:53
Then at an artistic level during the old regime we have the neoclassicism and during the revolutionary 00:05:00
changes we will talk about the romanticism, the realism and the avant-garde. 00:05:07
So many changes are going to occur in different types of aspects. 00:05:14
First of all let's review the main characteristics of the absolutism. 00:05:24
Now remember sovereignty belongs to the king. 00:05:29
It is a divinity right, throne and altar are linked. 00:05:34
The king has absolute power and answers only to God. 00:05:41
The slogan remember everything for the people, nothing by the people. 00:05:48
This is the enlightened deputism. 00:05:52
The will of the king is law. 00:05:58
Inequality in people is natural. 00:06:03
Three states nobility, clergy and third state. 00:06:06
There are three states. 00:06:10
Remember the social pyramid, three states. 00:06:11
Ideas are controlled by censorship. 00:06:16
Nobody could talk about everything they could or they wanted. 00:06:19
And people are subjects who must fulfill the king's orders and demands of religions and 00:06:27
traditions. 00:06:34
On the other hand we have liberalism. 00:06:35
This new political system says that sovereignty belongs to the nation, to people. 00:06:45
The people govern themselves through their representatives, that means the parliament. 00:06:55
Power is never absolute. 00:07:02
That's why they talk about separation of powers. 00:07:05
Remember Montesquieu. 00:07:11
Now right to vote. 00:07:13
They begin to talk about suffrage, the right to vote of people. 00:07:14
Everyone, not everyone, but at least they began right here to talk about voting, a voting 00:07:21
system. 00:07:30
The beginning of democracy actually. 00:07:32
Well all citizens must obey not the king anymore but a constitution, including the king. 00:07:35
That means that even the king must obey a constitution. 00:07:44
All men are equal in the eyes of the law. 00:07:49
This is what we have today apparently. 00:07:54
Now freedom. 00:07:59
Freedom of press, freedom or economical freedom, freedom to life, freedom of property, freedom 00:08:01
of different type of rights. 00:08:07
And then we have the separation of church and state. 00:08:13
This is the main principle that claims the liberalism or that the liberalism claims. 00:08:18
Not all the liberals thought in the same way. 00:08:30
We have two types of thinking among the liberals. 00:08:33
We have the moderates and we have the radical. 00:08:37
The moderates are based on three principles. 00:08:41
The moderates are monarchist but limiting the power of the king or the monarchs by a 00:08:46
constitution. 00:08:54
But they still wanted to have a monarchy. 00:08:55
That's why they want to keep the tradition. 00:09:01
They want to keep the tradition about the army, about the religion, about all the things. 00:09:04
And they want to have an electoral system based on sensitory suffrage. 00:09:11
We will talk about what is the sensitory suffrage. 00:09:18
That it's just that people can vote but not everyone, just few people. 00:09:21
The ones with different characteristics. 00:09:28
Manly men with quite rich, a different age, things like that. 00:09:34
Now we have the radical ideas, the liberals, radicals. 00:09:42
Now they are, or some of them at least, are republicans and they are also democrats, alright? 00:09:47
Some of them republicans and democrats. 00:09:55
They are asking for the universal suffrage. 00:09:58
That means, not like this one, but everybody to vote. 00:10:02
Everybody older than, I don't know, 20 years, 25 in those times, or remember, just the men. 00:10:06
They were asking just for the men. 00:10:16
And they wanted unlimited freedoms. 00:10:20
For example, they also asked for the suppression of religion intervention in social life, alright? 00:10:23
Because in those times, but the old regime or the moments of change, religion was very 00:10:30
in everyone's life. 00:10:42
Well right here you have a very easy exercise. 00:10:46
In which European countries did revolution happen before the 18th century? 00:10:50
Come over here and tell me what country had some revolutions, liberal revolutions, before 00:10:57
the 18th century. 00:11:05
Now which countries began revolutions in the 18th century, before and during the 18th century? 00:11:06
Just tell me the countries. 00:11:15
Look in internet or check the book or whatever. 00:11:18
In the 19th century, which continents had revolutions? 00:11:23
Just tell me next day. 00:11:29
Well, stop right here, do the exercise, look for this information, and then we can keep going. 00:11:33
Well, the American Revolution. 00:11:46
As you remember, I told you that the North of America, at least one part of the North 00:11:50
of America, was a colony of two European countries. 00:11:59
I'm talking about France and I'm talking about UK. 00:12:03
Well, the North American colonies were divided in like regions, as you can see right here. 00:12:07
They are called colonies, the 13 North American colonies. 00:12:17
Well, the fact is that they began a war to obtain their independence from the Great Britain 00:12:23
or United Kingdom. 00:12:31
As you can see, this is the border in 1776. 00:12:33
And several situations are going to come up to a conflict that is going to cause the 00:12:40
War of Independence of America. 00:12:46
That means the birth of United States and the birth of Canada. 00:12:50
Well, as I said, there are several reasons. 00:12:57
One of them is that there was a permanent British army that was established in America 00:13:02
and the colonists must finance this army through these new taxes. 00:13:09
They were sick and tired to pay so much taxes. 00:13:15
They were complaining because they were like controlled by the metropolis. 00:13:20
Now, colonists had no representation in the British Parliament. 00:13:26
They didn't like that because they were British. 00:13:31
They were living abroad and they didn't have any voice, any representations in the British Parliament. 00:13:36
So at the end, they want to say what was happening right there. 00:13:42
They wanted to have a voice in the Parliament, in the British Parliament. 00:13:48
There is another important fact that is that they were not allowed to occupy the territories to the West. 00:13:55
They wanted to conquer the West. 00:14:02
The Wild West. 00:14:05
And it was reserved for the British, for the British living in UK, right there on the other side of the Atlantic, 00:14:07
to come over here and to go to the West to conquer more and more territory. 00:14:15
Well, you can imagine the situation if you are living right here and they don't allow to go to the West to get more territory. 00:14:23
They were quite angry about that. 00:14:34
Another thing is the enlightened ideas led people to consider the British government despotic. 00:14:36
They didn't like this type of government. 00:14:43
They thought they were controlling too much. 00:14:46
And these new ideas we have been talking about asked their situation right here. 00:14:49
As you can see, there are so many causes and even more. 00:14:57
But this is just a summary. 00:15:01
But there are so many causes. 00:15:03
But there is always a spark. 00:15:05
There is always something that is going to blow up the situation. 00:15:07
Well, in this case, the British raised the taxes and the Americans argued that they had no vote for them. 00:15:11
Because they were not in the parliament. 00:15:20
Well, at the end, a war began. 00:15:22
This is called the Seven Years War. 00:15:25
From 1756 to 1763. 00:15:28
Well, there are some situations we should talk about. 00:15:34
One is the Stamp Act, 1756. 00:15:38
They implanted a tax on commercial and legal documents. 00:15:43
The British are going to tax more things to the colonies. 00:15:49
Then we have the Tea Act. 00:15:53
This is going to be very important. 00:15:55
This is going to be very important. 00:15:57
1773, the British East India Company had the monopoly on the sale of tea in the colonies, as well as duty-free exports. 00:16:00
They didn't like this situation. 00:16:13
They wanted to trade freely. 00:16:15
Because they were, at the end, they were British. 00:16:20
But they were living abroad. 00:16:23
They wanted to have the same rights as this Indian company with the monopoly. 00:16:26
If you don't know what is monopoly, you should look for the meaning of this word. 00:16:33
Monopoly, because we are going to use it quite a lot. 00:16:39
At the end, the colonies had to pay for all the imports. 00:16:42
I'm talking about paper, glass, lead. 00:16:46
At the end, the colonies were a method to get money for the metropolis. 00:16:50
The colonies were sick and tired to pay taxes and more taxes. 00:17:02
And to find more excuses to pay more taxes. 00:17:06
Well, at the end, 1773, a new tax, again, on the export of tea, provoked a mutiny in Boston. 00:17:10
Well, and this is known as the Boston Tea Party. 00:17:22
Well, the colonies dressed up as Indians. 00:17:25
They threw an entire shipment of tea carried by three British ships into the Boston harbour. 00:17:29
Now, I would like you to find out this episode, ok? 00:17:37
Which this is important. 00:17:43
The Boston Tea Party. Let's see. 00:17:45
Tell me, for next class, what happened in this situation? 00:17:47
What happened to the people? Why they dress up like Indians? 00:17:52
Ok? You have it here. 00:17:57
And there is like a protest here. 00:17:59
Explain me this situation. 00:18:02
Finally, we have to talk about the War of Independence. 00:18:05
1775, 1783. 00:18:09
Well, the harsh repression by the British led to the War of Independence. 00:18:13
Ok, yes, that one that is celebrated so much by the United States. 00:18:19
The rebels form an army under the command of George Washington. 00:18:30
I am sure that you have seen many movies or you have read some books about this situation. 00:18:36
About George Washington and the War of Independence. 00:18:43
Well, and I am also sure you have seen several times this date in the Hollywood movies. 00:18:49
No, the 4th of July. 00:18:57
4th of July, 1776. 00:18:59
What happened during this day? 00:19:02
Well, the representatives of these 13 colonies we have seen before in Philadelphia, 00:19:05
they draw up a Declaration of Independence. 00:19:11
In this Declaration of Independence, which is very important and we will talk about it, 00:19:16
they recognize the equality of the people and the right to life, to liberty and to happiness. 00:19:22
Important, ok? 00:19:31
Important because many of these Enlightenment ideas are written here. 00:19:33
And then we have another of these Enlightenment ideas, this National Sovereignty, 00:19:40
that was the means to guarantee this Declaration of Independence. 00:19:46
Well, as you may think, this was a very difficult war for the colonies 00:19:55
because they were not so powerful as the British Empire. 00:20:06
So, how could they achieve this situation, this Declaration of Independence? 00:20:14
Well, because the French and the Spanish support the colonists, ok? 00:20:22
And they defeated together the British in Saratoga and Yorktown. 00:20:27
Probably you have seen these two battles in several movies. 00:20:32
Well, they did it in 1781. 00:20:38
Now, their independence was recognized through the Peace of Paris in 1783, 00:20:42
creating the United States of America. 00:20:48
So, as you can see, we can understand many of these things. 00:20:51
Well, now you can understand something that you may have heard, 00:20:58
that is, the Statue of Liberty in New York was a present made by the French people. 00:21:02
Well, the new state, this United States, was organized as a federal republic 00:21:12
and its political system was based on a constitution. 00:21:17
I'm sure you have heard in many movies about the United States Constitution. 00:21:23
Ok, it's going to be very important, ok? 00:21:29
Because then many of the colonies in South America, the colonies of Spain, 00:21:32
are going to adapt this constitution to their own, alright? 00:21:40
Even the French Revolution are going to base this new constitution on the American Constitution. 00:21:45
Well, and the point is that the United States Constitution is very important 00:21:58
because it was the first one to be written in history, ok? 00:22:03
So, that's why it's very important to know the date. 00:22:07
1787, the first constitution ever written in history. 00:22:10
Now, so what this constitution says? 00:22:16
Well, as something that you can remember, 00:22:19
because we have just studied that during the Enlightenment ideas, 00:22:25
it established a division of power, alright? 00:22:32
That means the different powers, legislative, executive, and judiciary. 00:22:36
Well, it has a president, it has a congress, and it has a supreme court. 00:22:42
Well, it guarantees the rights. 00:22:48
Now, rights is another of the things that liberals in the Enlightenment ideas asked for, ok? 00:22:52
The rights, especially the right to life, to liberty, and to property. 00:23:00
But also freedom of expression, the freedom of press, and the freedom of religion. 00:23:06
As you can see, many of these ideas of the Enlightenment are written in this constitution. 00:23:14
It's what I write right here. 00:23:24
The ideas of the Enlightenment were put into practice, 00:23:26
so that's why this first constitution of the United States was so important for human history, 00:23:29
or at least for the development of our democracies today. 00:23:40
Let's talk a bit more about this United States Constitution. 00:23:44
Well, the electoral system was universal manhood suffrage. 00:23:50
What does it mean? 00:23:55
That not all the people could vote, just the men could vote, ok? 00:23:56
That's why it says universal manhood suffrage. 00:24:04
But there were also some exceptions. 00:24:07
Well, the Native Americans, the women, and the black slaves were not allowed to vote. 00:24:11
That's why we cannot talk about a real democracy yet, 00:24:18
and we cannot talk about universal suffrage, ok? 00:24:22
That's why we have to talk about manhood, 00:24:28
and not exactly because there were some men that couldn't vote just because they were Native Americans, 00:24:30
or they were just black slaves. 00:24:37
Well, the states of the North wanted to abolish slavery, 00:24:40
but those in the South, because they had plantations of cotton and other stuff, 00:24:45
they were opposed to this abolition of slavery, 00:24:51
and they tried to form independent slave states, ok? 00:24:56
They wanted to have the independence to avoid, to abolish slavery. 00:25:01
So, this situation triggered the American Civil War that you have watched in several movies. 00:25:07
This Civil War in America happened during the 1861 and 1865. 00:25:17
Well, the North, which was more liberal and industrialized, 00:25:27
it was more powerful economically, won the war under the leadership of Abraham Lincoln. 00:25:32
I'm sure you know all these names we are talking about. 00:25:39
Well, at the end, slavery was abolished and all the slaves were freed. 00:25:43
Yes, I know what you are thinking, that not all the states happened at least at the same time. 00:25:50
There were so many states that slavery, or something similar to slavery, 00:25:58
continued until the end of the Second World War. 00:26:08
That's it. This is the end of this first video. 00:26:19
Now, you have just to do some easy exercises. 00:26:23
Look for these three words, independence, mutiny and constitution. 00:26:28
Then, make a timeline of the process of American independence. 00:26:34
I want you to make a timeline because it's just to practice for the French Revolution 00:26:41
that it's quite more harder to understand than this one. 00:26:49
Another easy exercise, just find out who the person on the US $1 bill is 00:26:55
and explain how he is connected to the content of this unit and write a small, very small, 00:27:02
just tell me something about his biography. 00:27:10
That's it. We have finished this part of the unit. Enjoy. 00:27:14
Idioma/s:
es
Autor/es:
Lucas Úbeda Álvarez
Subido por:
Lucas U.
Licencia:
Reconocimiento - No comercial
Visualizaciones:
4
Fecha:
28 de julio de 2023 - 12:33
Visibilidad:
Clave
Centro:
CP INF-PRI PADRE GARRALDA
Duración:
27′ 22″
Relación de aspecto:
4:3 Hasta 2009 fue el estándar utilizado en la televisión PAL; muchas pantallas de ordenador y televisores usan este estándar, erróneamente llamado cuadrado, cuando en la realidad es rectangular o wide.
Resolución:
1024x768 píxeles
Tamaño:
298.40 MBytes

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