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The formation of the colonial empires - Contenido educativo

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Subido el 5 de enero de 2024 por Luis H.

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Hello class. Today we are going to explain the origin of the colonial empires in Africa 00:00:00
and in Asia. So after explaining the main causes of imperialism, today we are going 00:00:07
to explain the expansion, the European expansion in Africa and in Asia. This process in Africa 00:00:15
was called the Scramble for Africa, La Lucha for Africa. And this moment, La Lucha for 00:00:25
Africa, the Scramble for Africa began at the beginning of the 19th century. At that moment 00:00:35
the European presence in Africa was limited only to certain coastal points. If we pay 00:00:44
attention to this map, we are going to see that the European presence in Africa before 00:00:54
the date of 1870 was very, very limited to the coast. Actually, the French were in the 00:01:02
north, in Algeria, also in the west, in Senegal and Congo. The British controlled only at 00:01:12
that time one important colony, the Cape Colony, in what is now South Africa. And the Yemens, 00:01:23
if you pay attention, didn't have any important territory in Africa. So before 1870, the vast 00:01:33
majority of the countries in Africa were independent. They were composed of native populations and 00:01:43
actually the most important empire was the Ottoman Empire, which controlled Tripolitania 00:01:52
in the north, what is now Libya, and also Egypt and Sudan. However, after 1870, the situation 00:02:01
changed completely. Why? Because the European countries, due to the Second Industrial Revolution, 00:02:13
needed raw materials and markets to sell their goods and to obtain raw materials to 00:02:21
invest also their capital. And for this reason, it began the moment to explore the continent 00:02:30
from 1870 onwards. It began the age of exploration and also they started to create empires 00:02:41
step by step due to the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. At the end of the 19th century, if you 00:02:53
remember, the Ottoman Empire was in decline, not only in Europe but also in Africa. And due to this 00:03:03
important collapse, France, France in the north, in Algeria, Italy also in what is now Libya and 00:03:12
other countries took advantage of that. And there was in Africa a transformation of the balance of 00:03:23
power. Why? Because before 1870, the Ottoman Empire controlled North Africa. They controlled 00:03:32
North Africa. But after that, there was a transformation in the balance of power 00:03:44
because France, the UK and Portugal and Italy and also other countries in Europe 00:03:50
began to control Africa. So, the age of exploration began with certain expeditions. 00:04:01
The first ones were organized by the British and I'm going to explain some of them. The first one 00:04:11
was maybe organized in general by the British and it was the Barton expedition. Barton was a British 00:04:20
explorer who traveled from the island of Sansevier in the inner part of the continent in Africa 00:04:30
and he reached Lake Victoria. Also, Libbystone, maybe it was the explorer at that time that the 00:04:39
vast majority of the people knew about him. Libbystone managed to travel from the south, 00:04:50
from Cape Town in what is now South Africa. He reached the Kalahari Desert. He crossed 00:04:59
the Limpopo River and from Mozambique also he traveled up to Angola. Later on, exactly from 00:05:07
Mozambique, he managed to travel to Lake Tanganyika and Lake Victoria. Also, Belgium organized some 00:05:17
expeditions. The most important one was organized by Stanley who traveled from Deir el-Salam, 00:05:30
from Tanzania up to Uganda and what is now the Democratic Republic of Congo. He reached 00:05:41
later on the northern part of Angola and for this reason Congo became part of Belgium. 00:05:51
Actually, King Leopold became the owner in Congo, regrettably, as we are going to explain 00:06:05
later on. This is also the moment when geography, the subject, was born in different universities 00:06:14
in Europe because the political power promoted geography as they needed geography, the subject, 00:06:24
to explore new continents such as Africa, Asia, to develop maps in order to get raw materials and 00:06:33
new trade routes. Also, to take advantage of the raw materials and the markets in Africa. 00:06:44
One of the most important societies was the Royal Geographical Society in the UK 00:06:56
which was born for this purpose. The main aim was to explore the continent, to get raw materials 00:07:04
and also to take advantage of that establishing new trade routes in the continent. 00:07:14
What happened next? As a result of these explorations, when all of these 00:07:24
explorers traveled from one place to another in Africa, Africa was an enormous continent 00:07:35
but the age of exploration at the end of the 19th century led to an important crisis 00:07:44
point in 1880. In 1880 there was a crisis point because the British, the French and the Germans 00:07:58
were fighting for the same colonies. They became rivals and for this reason Bismarck, who was the 00:08:12
main chancellor at that time in Germany, was afraid of that. He wanted to maintain the balance of power 00:08:21
in Europe and for this reason he organized, he set up the Berlin Conference in 1884. 00:08:30
So, in this conference the European diplomats traveled from all around Europe to Berlin 00:08:42
basically to put a map, to put an Africa, to put a map based on Africa. They put a map of Africa 00:08:54
on a table and basically they divided the continent to different countries in Europe. 00:09:06
Each country in Europe took a portion, took a slice of Africa. Regrettably for the Africans 00:09:16
because non-Africans put a foot on it. They didn't attend the conference. 00:09:27
There were not Africans in the Berlin Conference and the question is why? Why the Berlin Conference 00:09:37
was organized without any Africans? Because the Europeans thought that the conference would be 00:09:47
good for the Africans. Because remember that due to the ideology, due to the social dargonism 00:09:56
ideology, the Europeans thought that the conference could be good for the Africans. 00:10:04
Because remember that some Europeans at that time actually the elite who attended the conference 00:10:12
believed in social dargonism and for this reason they thought that their main mission, their main 00:10:21
goal at that time in Europe was to civilize, to carry the European civilization all over the world 00:10:31
and for this reason they thought that they had the right to take advantage of Africa because in the 00:10:42
end it would be good for the Africans. But as I said before it was organized without any Africans 00:10:49
in the conference. So what were the main causes of this conference? Basically Bismarck organized 00:10:58
the conference because he was afraid of King Leopold in Belgium. Why? Because after the 00:11:07
exploration of Stanley, King Leopold took advantage of Congo in the inner part of Africa, 00:11:17
just in the center, and he conquered Congo. Not by Congo, it wasn't for Belgium. 00:11:25
Congo was directly to King Leopold, to his pockets. So the main resources and all wealth from Congo 00:11:37
was directly to King Leopold. So obviously Bismarck was against this idea and for this reason 00:11:48
he wanted to organize the Berlin conference. Also class there was another important reason. 00:11:58
I'm going to explain the second important reason. As I said before there was a crisis in 1880, 00:12:07
the UK, France and the Germans became rivals and for this reason, as a consequence, Bismarck, 00:12:14
if you remember, he wanted to maintain the balance of power in Europe. 00:12:25
So in order to resolve the crisis, in order to sort out the crisis, he set up the Berlin 00:12:34
conference in order to establish some important rules for the continent. So as I said before, 00:12:43
Bismarck wanted to maintain the balance of power of Europe and in order to put an end to all of 00:12:54
this crisis between the UK, France and Germany, he organized the Berlin conference in order to 00:13:02
set up different rules to conquer and explore the continent. So what was the first rule which was 00:13:14
established in the Berlin conference? The main doctrine was an old doctrine because it came from 00:13:28
the Roman Empire. So the Europeans who were in the Berlin conference took an idea from the Roman 00:13:38
Empire. What was this idea? They set up the idea of defective occupation. What does it mean? It 00:13:47
meant the following. At that time the Europeans who were in the Berlin conference 00:13:59
established that the European countries which control certain territories on the coastal strip, 00:14:06
if they control, I'm going to repeat it again, if they control certain territories on the coastal 00:14:20
strip, they would have the right to conquer the inner part of the continent. 00:14:29
I'm going to repeat it again. Those countries such as France which control 00:14:40
an area on the coastal strip, if they had the control on a strip on the west coast, for example, 00:14:48
they would have the right to conquer the inner part of the continent. So as a consequence of that, 00:15:07
this is the moment when France conquered more territories from the west to the inner part of 00:15:15
the continent and also it was the moment when the British took advantage of that 00:15:24
and they extended their territories from the north to the south. This was the first rule. 00:15:29
I'm going to explain now the second rule. The Europeans who attended the conference in 00:15:41
Berlin, they set up the free navigation in the river Niger and Congo. So they established the 00:15:48
free navigation in the main rivers in Africa, in the river Niger and Congo, and as a consequence 00:15:59
of that, more goods were traveling from Africa to Europe. Liverpool, for example, in the UK, 00:16:08
Hamburg in Germany or Marseille or Bordeaux in France became the main ports in Europe. Why? 00:16:19
Because they received many raw materials from Africa and they became really wealthy. 00:16:29
Also, the European countries set up the main goal of free trade in Central Africa. So the countries 00:16:41
that were controlling Central Africa, above all France and also Great Britain, 00:16:50
became really, really wealthy because they could trade from Central Africa 00:17:00
to Europe. That's why they became the most important empires. They became really, really 00:17:08
rich for this process after the Berlin conference. So those were the reasons and the 00:17:16
rules that the European countries established in Africa. What was the main consequence of that? 00:17:27
When the European countries established all these rules, what was the main consequence of that? 00:17:35
What do you think? As a consequence, exactly, you are right, the occupation of Africa 00:17:43
speeded up, accelerated. Because more and more countries in Europe wanted to take colonies 00:17:50
to become richer than before. That explains why the UK extended its territory from Egypt 00:18:02
up to South Africa. They controlled from Cairo, which was the capital of Egypt, 00:18:16
up to Cape Town, one of the most important cities now in what is now South Africa. 00:18:23
Also, the French extended their territories from Senegal up to Somaliland, up to here. 00:18:32
Actually, spoiler alert, there was a fight between the British and the French in one 00:18:43
important village in a remote area in Sudan, which was Fashoda. At that moment, the troops 00:18:52
from Lord Kitchener met with Marchand troops, the French general. Obviously, the British 00:19:02
had better troops at that moment due to the second industrial revolution. They had more 00:19:14
machines and for this reason, due to its best artillery, they won the battle. They were able 00:19:19
to extend their territories from the north to the south. The French were not able to conquer, 00:19:27
for example, Ethiopia. Belgium got Congo. Germany got some territories in Cameroon, 00:19:34
Togololand, Togo, what is now Togo, Namibia. Italy took Libya, for example, Spain, the Spanish 00:19:45
Morocco, and Rio Oro, and Portugal, Angola, and Mozambique. So, all countries in Europe, 00:19:56
after the Berlin Conference, took their portion of land, their slice 00:20:06
in the cake, which was the enormous continent of Africa. 00:20:13
Belgium and Congo had a special relationship because Congo was, pay attention, 00:20:22
70 times bigger than Belgium. This enormous portion of land, this enormous territory, 00:20:30
which was 70 times bigger than Belgium, was controlled by King Leopold. King Leopold took 00:20:41
advantage of the Congolese people. They became the real losers in this scramble of Africa. 00:20:52
King Leopold provoked a humanitarian disaster in Congo because 10 million Congolese people 00:21:00
died in this process due to imperialism and due to the scramble for Africa. Sometimes, 00:21:10
in order to take advantage of the slavery, because the Congolese became slaves of the 00:21:19
Belgium, they became slaves of Belgium. Sometimes, King Leopold, as I said before, 00:21:27
took advantage of them and they cut their hands if they were not working properly for Belgium. 00:21:34
So, and let me finish with another point because we didn't say anything about imperialism in Asia, 00:21:46
Oceania and America, because after the scramble of Africa, also the European countries took 00:21:55
advantage of other territories in Asia. They wanted to take over even more colonies, 00:22:03
not only in Africa but also in Asia, and for this reason the UK extended to the area of India 00:22:12
and Burma. The main British colonies were above all in India, also Ceylon and Burma, 00:22:21
but the main British colony, without doubt, was India. Why? Because its large population 00:22:34
made it a major market for British products and an important supplier of raw materials. 00:22:42
Actually, to create a secure area around India, exactly, Great Britain competed with France 00:22:52
for the control of Burma. Also, the French wanted Burma, but in the end, Burma was for the British. 00:23:03
Okay, let me explain more colonies. We are going to finish with that because also France, 00:23:15
the French presence in Southeast Asia, the area of Cochinchina, which was this area, 00:23:23
the French Indochina, from the mid-19th century grew stronger with the establishment of a number 00:23:34
of new protectorates known as French Indochina, which was composed of Cambodia, Vietnam and Laos. 00:23:47
The French, when they knew that the British controlled India and Burma, they wanted to get 00:24:01
some colonies in Asia, and for this reason, they took the area of French Indochina, which was 00:24:09
composed at that time by Cambodia, Vietnam and Laos. They wanted also to take over the area of 00:24:19
Siam, what is now Thailand, but they were not able to do that because the British stopped them 00:24:28
in Siam. The British didn't want that the French control Siam, and for this reason, 00:24:38
Siam became the first country independent in 1897. Because basically, the British wanted that 00:24:46
Siam would be independent better than in the hands of the French. So, we're about to finish. 00:24:59
The Netherlands controlled the area of Indonesia. The Netherlands, Holland, also got some colonies in 00:25:08
the area of Indonesia, and Japan also. Remember that Japan was a feudal country at the end of the 19th 00:25:18
century, but due to the Meiji Revolution, they conquered more territories. They conquered more 00:25:32
territories in Asia because they needed raw materials and also markets to sell their products 00:25:42
from the Industrial Revolution. They conquered Korea from 1905 to 1910, and later on, Manchuria 00:25:50
in northern China became rivals of Russia for this reason, which was one of the main causes of the 00:26:05
Second World War. And also, USA. We are going to finish with USA. USA, after the American Civil War 00:26:15
from 1861 to 1865, at that moment, the United States became a great power in a matter of decades 00:26:26
thanks to its technology, due to the Second Industrial Revolution. We explained that. 00:26:38
Also, due to its raw materials, because they exterminated the natives in the 00:26:45
area in the center part of the United States, in the inner part of the United States, 00:26:58
and they got more energy resources from there, and as a consequence, they became also an imperialist 00:27:05
country. They got Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines, which belonged before that to 00:27:14
Spain, but due to the decline of the Spanish Empire at the end of the 19th century, all of 00:27:24
these territories were for the United States, after one important war between the United States 00:27:32
and Spain. But this is another story. In the end, the USA, after the construction of the Panama Canal 00:27:41
in 1914, became one of the most important countries in the world. They gave loans to the UK 00:27:50
when they were fighting against Germany in the First World War, and as a consequence of that, 00:28:03
all of these tensions for the colonies led to the First World War, and in the First World War, 00:28:11
the USA became one of the first superpowers in the world. 00:28:18
Autor/es:
Luis Horrillo Sánchez
Subido por:
Luis H.
Licencia:
Dominio público
Visualizaciones:
132
Fecha:
5 de enero de 2024 - 12:04
Visibilidad:
Público
Centro:
IES CERVANTES
Duración:
28′ 27″
Relación de aspecto:
1.83:1
Resolución:
3840x2100 píxeles
Tamaño:
1.86

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