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6. The Enlightenment - Contenido educativo

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Subido el 27 de septiembre de 2020 por Ruben P.

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In this video we are going to start studying the point number 7, the cultural aspects, the enlightenment. 00:00:00
So what we are going to see is the enlightenment and the political thinking. 00:00:08
This is what we are going to see in this video. 00:00:13
In the next one we will continue with the cultural aspects and we will see the different enlightenment thinkers, 00:00:15
the political and the economic enlightenment thinkers. 00:00:23
And finally we will see the art. 00:00:27
after that we end with the 18th century and what we have left is the is just 00:00:29
Spain in the 18th century so let's start studying these cultural aspects 00:00:37
let's see the start what is the enlightenment okay so the enlightenment 00:00:43
this is the definition it was an intellectual and cultural movement that 00:00:47
appeared in Europe in the 18th century okay when we talk about an intellectual 00:00:51
movement and cultural movement we are talking about an ideology okay so 00:00:56
basically the Enlightenment is an ideology okay that is going to appear in 00:01:01
Europe in the 18th century what is this ideology going to propose this ideology 00:01:06
is going to challenge the authority of the ancient regime it means this 00:01:14
ideology the Enlightenment is going to be against the absolute monarchs and he 00:01:19
This ideology is going to propose a new way of organizing society 00:01:25
So the idea is the enlightenment 00:01:30
Okay is going to be against the absolute monarch the stratified society and also against the guilds and 00:01:33
The economy based only in agriculture and livestock farming 00:01:42
Okay, and they are going to propose a new way to organize a society 00:01:46
of course if you want to end with the privileges of the society it means to end with the stratified 00:01:51
society who is going to be in favor of ending with the privileges of the nobility and clergy 00:01:59
of course the bourgeoisie so that's why the bourgeoisie is going to adopt these ideas 00:02:06
so to sum up the enlightenment is an ideology it's going to appear in europe and in the 18th century 00:02:14
okay? This ideology is going to be against the ancient regime, it means the political system of 00:02:21
the ancient regime, that is the absolute monarchy, is going to be against the society, the stratified 00:02:29
society, is going to be in favor of a society where everyone is equal, okay? It's going to be 00:02:35
in favor of the class society and also they are going to propose that new way of organizing the 00:02:43
society that is the class society it means a society based on money 00:02:50
who is going to be in favor of these ideas of course the bourgeoisie that they are rich 00:02:57
okay and they are not privileged so if the enlightenment is against of privileges and 00:03:03
wants everyone to be equal they are going to say okay the bourgeoisie is going to be in favor of it 00:03:10
okay so that's the idea the enlightenment okay is an intellectual and cultural movement it means 00:03:17
an ideology that appear in the 18th century in europe and is going to challenge this political 00:03:24
economical and social structure of the ancient regime which are going to be the characteristics 00:03:30
of the enlightenment the first one is that the enlightenment is going to be based on reason 00:03:38
okay they are going to reject tradition or superstition as the basis for making 00:03:43
decisions it means if you are going to make a decision is not you cannot 00:03:53
explain it or you cannot be based on superstition or tradition it but it must 00:03:57
be based on reason a logical thinking okay and they are going to use reason to 00:04:04
understand and explain the world it means they are not going to explain the world based on god 00:04:13
on god decisions they are going to try to explain it through the laws of the nature 00:04:20
through observing the nature understanding through reason how the nature works okay and then 00:04:27
that's it they will understand it okay so they believe in reason instead of 00:04:37
superstitions and tradition they want to understand the world through reason the 00:04:44
second idea is that they are going to believe in human progress towards what 00:04:51
happiness and welfare it means they believe that the humans the human beings 00:04:54
must be happy okay and they must be wealthy so they are supposed to have a 00:05:00
good life quality okay good life quality along with happiness and finally the 00:05:06
Enlightenment this ideology is going to support the related with religion I mean 00:05:17
they support the idea of religious tolerance it means everyone okay anyone 00:05:22
can think anything they want everyone can can believe in God or not or to be 00:05:28
muslim or to be christian or to be catholic or to be orthodox any type of religion they are going to 00:05:35
believe in religious tolerance and also they are going to believe in deism okay some of the 00:05:43
Leibniz thinkers believed in Deism. Deism means that you are going to believe in 00:05:54
God okay but you are not going to believe in God of the Catholic God or 00:06:03
the Muslim God what you are going to believe is that nature is perfect okay 00:06:09
you see the relation between the different elements in nature this 00:06:17
relation is perfect so as this relation is perfect must be a God organizing the 00:06:21
nature so that I'm going to believe in a God I'm not going to say a name or I'm 00:06:28
not going to believe in a specific God I'm going to believe in a superpower a 00:06:35
God that is organizing the world for example imagine we talk about the water 00:06:39
cycle the water cycle means the water goes down a river this water from the 00:06:49
river goes to the sea the water is going to evaporate this water is going to 00:06:57
create clouds these clouds are going to go inside the country and they are going 00:07:03
to start rain okay and this water the water from the rain is going to go 00:07:12
against to the river or from the river against to again sorry to the again to 00:07:17
the sea again to the ocean so this perfection of the water cycle is what 00:07:26
the enlightenment thinkers are seen in nature they are seen nature is perfect 00:07:33
there are natural laws as a result this natural laws must be created by a superior power and this 00:07:40
superior power must be god but they are not going to say this god is jesus christ or is 00:07:51
allah etc no just a god okay so to sum up enlightenment is an ideology appeared in europe 00:07:58
18th century, this ideology is against the ancient regime and they want to change it. 00:08:09
Of course, these changes they are proposing are in favor of bourgeoisie, so the bourgeoisie is 00:08:15
going to support the enlightenment. Which are the basic ideas of enlightenment? The idea of 00:08:20
using reason to understand the world, the idea of believing in happiness and welfare for the 00:08:26
human progress for the humans it means to be happy and to be not rich but to have a good life quality 00:08:33
and finally they are going to believe in religious tolerance and deism it means nature is perfect 00:08:41
in nature we find these natural laws and these laws must be created by a god okay 00:08:48
So these are the main characteristics of Enlightenment. 00:08:58
So let's see the political thinking. 00:09:05
Related with the Enlightenment political thinking we can see two main political thinkings. 00:09:08
The first ideology or the first thinker is Bossuet. 00:09:15
Bossuet supported the absolute monarchy. 00:09:20
Bossuet is not exactly an Enlightenment thinker, however he 00:09:24
is supporting one of the political thinkings or one of the political 00:09:31
systems in the 18th century, the absolute monarchy. So Bossuet supported 00:09:36
the absolute monarchy as the political system in the 18th century. The other 00:09:42
option is, well this is Bossuet, okay, and the other option is John Locke. We have 00:09:47
seen already John Locke and John Locke is going to be the father of liberalism. 00:09:55
I'm going to explain the characteristics of liberalism and then I will explain 00:10:03
the political freedom and social equality. Okay, the thing is John Locke is 00:10:07
the other political thinker he is going to support you know the separation of 00:10:13
powers okay and a parliament controlling the king okay remember that from the 00:10:18
British parliamentarism so the important thing of John Locke is he is going to 00:10:26
defend the separation of powers okay the executive for the king the legislative 00:10:31
for the Parliament and the judiciary for the judges the second is that John Locke 00:10:38
is going to support a social contract what is a social contract a social 00:10:45
contract means a constitution it means so John Locke believes that the 00:10:51
population must elect okay the ruler that is going to control the society 00:10:58
okay he is against the absolute monarchy so the idea is he is supporting the idea 00:11:08
of the king and the population or the ruler and the population to sign a 00:11:14
contract to reach an agreement okay in which the people the person that is 00:11:19
going to rule the society okay is going to obtain the power from the population 00:11:27
it means to have a law that is going to control the ruler the Constitution and 00:11:34
also to be able to vote the ruler that is the social contract it means a 00:11:42
constitution and a democratic system okay so separation of powers and also 00:11:49
social contract, la idea de un contrato social, ¿vale? Un contrato entre el gobernante y el 00:11:56
gobernado. El gobernante tendrá el poder porque los gobernados se lo ceden a través del voto y 00:12:02
el gobernante tendrá un poder limitado por un documento aprobado por todos, que es la 00:12:10
constitución, ¿vale? So the social contract is that a constitution, a law that is going to limit 00:12:16
the power of the king. This law has been voted by all the population and this 00:12:23
population is going to elect the government or the ruler. The third 00:12:30
idea that John Locke is going to support is tyrannicide. It means John Locke is 00:12:37
going to be in favor of executing or ending with the power of a ruler if this 00:12:44
ruler is not following the laws so it means the population okay as they have 00:12:53
this social contract with the ruler if the ruler is not following the laws the 00:13:02
population has the right to end with the ruler they could execute it or they 00:13:08
could say that they are going to end with his rule with his power okay so 00:13:15
these are the ideas of liberalism that is the ideology of John Locke and this 00:13:24
liberalism is based on enlightenment ideas okay the basis of liberalism are 00:13:30
political freedom is me it means you are going to elect the government or the 00:13:38
governor or the ruler and also social equality it means all of us are equal 00:13:43
everyone can vote okay everyone can be elected as ruler 00:13:51
make sense this is the two different systems the one that is going to succeed 00:13:57
in the 19th century is this liberalism so two system absolute monarchy 00:14:04
supported by bossuet all the power for the monarchy or liberalism that means 00:14:10
political freedom you can elect your ruler and social equality 00:14:15
everyone is equal everyone can vote the ruler second the basis of liberalism 00:14:21
okay or the ideas that John Locke is going to defend are separation of 00:14:29
powers social contract and tyrannism it means these three ideas are going to be 00:14:35
the basis for establishing a political freedom and a social equality 00:14:42
separation of powers or separation of powers and social 00:14:48
contract are going to be the basis of this political freedom and social 00:14:57
equality so after these these two political theories what we are going to 00:15:00
see in the 18th century is that liberalism is not going to be established 00:15:11
it's not going to succeed in the 18th century and the absolute monarchy is 00:15:16
going to be changed a little what we are going to have in the 18th century is the 00:15:20
enlightenment despotism enlightenment despotism means the king is going to be 00:15:25
an absolute monarch but this monarch is going to accept some of the ideas of the 00:15:33
enlightenment basically that the population must be happy okay and the 00:15:39
king must improve the life conditions of the population and the economy of the 00:15:47
country using reason okay so enlightenment despotism is a 00:15:54
political movement that is going to be developed in the by some absolute 00:16:02
European monarchs in the 18th century some absolute monarchs not all the 00:16:08
European monarchs okay but some absolute monarchs what they are going to do is to 00:16:13
accept the enlightenment idea of progress the idea of the population must have a 00:16:17
better life quality the the the king is supposed to develop the economy of the 00:16:22
of the country okay so that's the idea when we talk about enlightenment 00:16:32
despotism we are talking about this okay an absolute monarch is going to be an 00:16:38
absolute monarch but his decisions are going to be address not gonna start 00:16:43
to economic development and social progress it means to give 00:16:49
happiness and to give a welfare to the population that's why that but the 00:16:58
problem is the motto is going to be all for the people nothing by the people it 00:17:06
means all for the people the king is going to give to the people the 00:17:10
happiness is going to be is going to give a better economy a better life quality but the 00:17:14
population cannot make any decision okay so it's nothing by the people the population is not going 00:17:21
to decide because the king is an absolute king it means that he's an absolute monarch he has all the 00:17:30
power okay so the king knows what is better for the population what is better for the population 00:17:36
to be happy what is better for the economy of the country what is better to have a better life 00:17:43
quality okay examples of this enlightenment despotism or sorry of this alignment despotic 00:17:48
monarchs are in spain carlos tercero in in russia catalina segunda or catalina la grande 00:17:58
and in Prussia Federico II okay so these three monarchs are going to be absolute monarchs okay 00:18:09
they are going to have all the power but their ideas their decisions are going to be addressed 00:18:20
to give to the people everything happiness better improvements in economy a better life quality okay 00:18:27
but without letting the population making decisions because all the 00:18:38
decisions are going to be made by the king in the next video we will talk 00:18:44
about the main alignment thinkers okay and the main alignment thinkers related 00:18:51
to economy 00:18:59
Idioma/s:
en
Autor/es:
RUBÉN PEINADO GONZÁLEZ
Subido por:
Ruben P.
Licencia:
Dominio público
Visualizaciones:
113
Fecha:
27 de septiembre de 2020 - 12:15
Visibilidad:
Público
Centro:
IES ANTARES
Duración:
19′ 01″
Relación de aspecto:
1.78:1
Resolución:
1280x720 píxeles
Tamaño:
92.65 MBytes

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