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The Paris Conference - Contenido educativo

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Subido el 5 de enero de 2024 por Luis H.

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Hello class, today we are going to explain what happened after the First World War. 00:00:00
So, let's start by looking the conference in Paris. 00:00:07
After the war, there was a conference, a peace conference in Paris, the capital of France, in January 1919. 00:00:12
The conference took almost a year, and at that moment, President Wilson travelled from the United States to France, and he spent one year in France. 00:00:23
Imagine that nowadays. 00:00:38
So, the main goal of this conference was to promote peace, so as to avoid revenge after the war, and the main ideology behind the conference was Wilson's 14 points. 00:00:41
Those points were in reality a manifesto, a political manifesto, because Wilson wanted to promote peace, he wanted to avoid revenge, and also the influence of the Bolshevik revolution. 00:00:59
He was extremely afraid of the Bolshevik revolution. 00:01:17
So, for this reason, Wilson was in favor of disarmament, because he thought that the main cause of the war was the arms race, when due to the Second Industrial Revolution, countries produced a lot of pieces of weaponry. 00:01:23
He was also in favor of open diplomacy, because he thought that the secret alliances at the end of the 19th century had created the war. 00:01:45
Also, he thought that the main goal of the United States would be to promote democracy all over the world, and for this reason, he pushed for the creation of a supranational institution, which was the League of Nations, the forerunner of our United Nations that we have today. 00:01:58
The main ideology behind the League of Nations was the concept of collective security. What does it mean, collective security? 00:02:27
It meant, at that moment, and also now, because we have this concept in our United Nations, that if any country declared war on our democratic country, the rest of the democracies of the world would defend each other. 00:02:38
And they declared war on this country. Also, Wilson was in favor of free trade, and for this reason, he pushed for the removal of the customs barriers, aduanas, to investment, to invest money. 00:03:03
He thought that the other way around, protectionism and also the economic wars would provoke another war. That's why he was in favor of free trade and the removal of the customs barriers that there were in many countries, because before the First World War, protectionism was the norm. 00:03:28
The rule. That's why he was in favor of free trade to remove this economic ideology. Also, Wilson was in favor of the concept of self-determination, because he thought that the countries had the right to rule themselves. 00:03:57
But he didn't know at that moment that the rest of the countries in Europe used this concept to declare their independence. So here we can see the map on Europe before the First World War. 00:04:19
And we can see that there were some important countries in Western Europe, such as France and Great Britain, Spain and Portugal in the south, and the central empires, the German Empire, the Strongerian Empire and the Russian Empire in the center and in the east. 00:04:39
However, after the war, many of those countries lost above all the central powers, you know that they lost on this war. And for this reason, several territories take advantage of this moment. 00:05:01
They use the concept from President Wilson and they declare their independence, such as Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania and Bulgaria. 00:05:20
Here we have another image of the important Prime Minister who took part in the conference, such as Lloyd George in Great Britain, Orlando in Italy, Clemenceau in France. 00:05:41
The Prime Minister was in favor of the revenge because France suffered a lot during the war. The position of Great Britain was more moderate. He wanted to reach an agreement and President Wilson was in favor of peace. 00:05:58
But the main symbol of this conference were the treaties. Let me explain the treaties very quickly. Because in the conference in Paris, the defeated countries, such as Germany, were forced to sign treaties. 00:06:18
For example, Germany signed the Treaty of Versailles, Austria the Treaty of Saint-Germain, Hungary, because Hungary became independent, another treaty, the Treaty of Trianon, Bulgaria, the Treaty of Newly, and finally the Ottoman Empire, who were also defeated, the Treaty of Sevres. 00:06:43
According to those treaties, the defeated countries had to pay war reparations. Actually, Germany would pay reparations up to the 80s in the 20th century, which explains why many Germans were angry for this situation. 00:07:06
Also, the defeated countries needed to give territorial concessions, which shaped the new map in Europe. In this concept, the Paris Conference was like the Vienna Conference after the Napoleonic Wars. 00:07:28
Also, the defeated countries were required to reduce their armies. Germany, who had millions of soldiers in the First World War, was forced to reduce their armies up to 100,000 soldiers. 00:07:46
So, here we are going to explain in depth the symbol of this conference in Paris, which was the Treaty of Versailles. 00:08:11
Germany was forced to sign this treaty, and as a consequence of that, they were made to lose Alsace and Lorraine. Remember that Alsace and Lorraine were part of Germany after the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, and now both territories were returned to France. 00:08:23
Also, Germany lost the Rhineland, the territory of the Rhineland, and the Saar, which were industrialized areas, very important for Germany. They lost those territories in the north, part of Sleswig, to Denmark, and the important territories in the corridor in Poland. 00:08:53
So, the Germans were extremely angry because they lost the Polish corridor, which was another industrialized area. Actually, they needed the coal from Silesia. 00:09:20
As I said before, the Germans were forced to lose many, many soldiers. They had to reduce their armies up to 100,000 soldiers, and Kiebler managed to be part of one of these soldiers because he became a spy in the German army. 00:09:35
And as I said before, the territories and the countries that won this war also imposed economic consequences on Germany, because Germany would have to pay reparations up to the 80s in the 20th century. 00:10:03
And the famous economist Keynes said at that moment that it would provoke another war, and he was extremely right. 00:10:26
Also, in the Paris Conference, it created the supranational institution of the League of Nations, which was created in 1919 in Switzerland, in Geneva, and it was an international organization to promote peace. 00:10:38
It was the forerunner of our United Nations. This is the image of the main institution in Switzerland, the main assembly of the League of Nations. But in reality, the League of Nations was created to guarantee peace and cooperation between states. 00:10:58
However, the project ended in failure. Why? Because Germany, along with other defeated nations and the USSR, were initially excluded. And in addition to that, the United States Senate voted not to join. 00:11:23
As a consequence, the League of Nations and the United States had no influence on international politics. And when new crises arose at that moment, such as Manchuria in 1931, Abyssinia in 1936, the civil war in Spain in 1936, 00:11:46
and also other crises in Austria, Czechoslovakia, and finally Poland, due to the weaknesses inside the League of Nations, it provoked another war, the Second World War. 00:12:14
So, we can have the temptation to think that the weaknesses inside the League of Nations provoked the Second World War. 00:12:32
So, it's interesting to think or to read this perspective from Margaret Macmillan, this famous professor from Oxford University, who thought the following. 00:12:50
It was true that the peace agreement in 1919 was weak, but it did not provoke the Second World War. What provokes the Second World War was the Great Depression in 1929 that we will see in the following lessons. 00:13:04
So, let me explain very quickly the consequences of this war, because the outcome was devastating. 16 million people died and many of them were injured or disabled. 00:13:24
So, here we have an image of some people who took part in this conflict, which was terrible, devastating, and also there were serious material losses in the economy. 00:13:40
Why? Because the croplands were reduced in size by 40%, so imagine the terrible conditions for the farmers and for agriculture at that moment, and the industries were reduced in size by 30%. 00:13:56
Many of the transports and many buildings were lost in this conflict and also the war sharpened the contrast in the society. Why? Because it impoverished many of the members of the middle class and one tiny minority became enriched for this war. 00:14:16
We have several examples in Spain, such as the famous banker Juan March, who earned a lot of money selling goods and products to the triple entrant during this war. 00:14:45
After the war, there were many, many important consequences because the central powers, such as the German Empire, the Austrian Empire, or the Russian Empire disappeared. 00:15:02
And also, as women replaced men who were fighting at the front, for this reason, after the end of the war, they got the universal suffrage, because many of those women organized themselves and they pushed for their rights in order to get their vote. 00:15:17
And also, at the end of this war, I would say that it was the end of the European supremacy and the origin of the United States as a superpower. 00:15:46
Why? Because many of the European powers took out war loans from the United States in order to fight against Germany. This is the case of Great Britain and France, but now they had to pay their money back. 00:16:01
So, who were the real winners of the Second World War? We will see that in the following lessons. Thank you so much for your attention. Bye bye. 00:16:24
Autor/es:
Luis Horrillo Sánchez
Subido por:
Luis H.
Licencia:
Dominio público
Visualizaciones:
218
Fecha:
5 de enero de 2024 - 12:30
Visibilidad:
Público
Centro:
IES CERVANTES
Duración:
16′ 39″
Relación de aspecto:
1.67:1
Resolución:
2562x1538 píxeles
Tamaño:
37.53 MBytes

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