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Vídeo clase 21 de abril_2AB

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Subido el 20 de abril de 2020 por Marta N.

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today we are going to explain how were the buildings in gothic art if you remember gothic art 00:00:08
is uh is where the buildings show the importance of the cities the power of the cities 00:00:16
and also some families some sort of states that were living in the cities as nobles or even the 00:00:26
charge but especially the bourgeoisie who were the state who pay more these buildings but these ones 00:00:32
are the most important buildings and cathedrals belongs to the church so the church is together 00:00:43
with the bourgeoisie the two groups or two states that pay more for these buildings in 00:00:51
Europe from the 12th century. So here is the pages that we are going to use in this class. 00:00:58
So we continue showing you the different buildings that we have. 00:01:07
So as we know Gothic art were a symbol of the development of the cities. 00:01:14
And here we have three examples of buildings built in these cities. 00:01:21
This first one is the town hall of a Belgian city in Belgium and you can see all the elements 00:01:26
that the building has in the walls, in the windows, even in the towers. 00:01:39
So it's to decorate. 00:01:44
This is a building that is not religious but it's in Gothic art. 00:01:47
So you have to see that the Gothic art is for religious and non-religious buildings 00:01:52
such as cathedrals or even palaces like this and this or town halls as the first one. 00:02:02
So this is the palaces that we have, the first one is in France and this is in Venice so 00:02:11
you can see the water. They are also in Gothic art or Gothic style. We can see the differences 00:02:17
between the three buildings that we have here because Gothic art has the same or has similar 00:02:28
characteristics or basic characteristics shared in the different countries, but some countries 00:02:39
have specific specific characteristics that are shown in the building so you can compare this 00:02:48
italian style with this value or this french so we can compare here we have a video okay 00:02:58
l'architectura gothica is too short it's in spanish and we're going to see now i'm going to 00:03:06
play and it's going to be recorded also so you can see the video later if you want but now you 00:03:11
are going to see i'm going to be quiet now and you are going to watch this video 00:03:22
the gothic art is the denomination of the artistic style that developed in western europe 00:03:34
during the last centuries of the Middle Ages, from the middle of the 12th century until the Renaissance in Italy in the 15th century, 00:03:38
although in other parts it survived until the beginning of the 16th century. 00:03:45
Gothic originates in the north of France and ends up expanding throughout Europe. 00:03:49
According to the countries and regions, it develops in different chronological moments, so we have local variants. 00:03:53
At the architectural level, the Gothic style was born around the year 1140 in France, 00:04:00
being the Basilica of the Royal Abbey of Saint-Denis the first example we find. 00:04:06
Gothic architecture results from the evolution of the Romanesque. 00:04:11
Gothic is a style characterized by the archival and the vault of the crucery. 00:04:14
The pejorative name Gothic, which means the art of the gods, 00:04:19
was invented by the erudites of the Renaissance with a despective sense 00:04:23
to an art that they considered barbaric and very inferior to Greco-Roman art. 00:04:27
However, it was revalued and exalted in the 19th century by the nationalist and romantic European movements 00:04:32
and today it is universally considered as one of the most brilliant moments from the artistic point of view of the Western world. 00:04:39
we are going to see cathedrals so these are three examples of three different cathedrals 00:05:20
in three different countries so you can see the differences between them it's not the same biggest 00:05:28
most important okay so today we are going to see the characteristics of these buildings so you can 00:06:09
so that you can understand these ideas. 00:06:18
So here you have the picture that you have in your book. 00:06:22
It's a drawing showing us the different parts of a building. 00:06:26
But here we have also our clan. 00:06:30
And we can see that the elements are the same from the Romanesque. 00:06:34
We have the central nave, the side naves, 00:06:38
the transect, the obsidials and the crossing here. 00:06:42
but also here we have the apes and here the ambulatory so it's the same it's latin cross plan 00:06:46
so it's an evolution of the romanesque art okay but here we have innovations that means 00:06:53
the innovation in other words why we call gothic this is the picture more or less that you had in 00:07:01
the video okay so these different parts we are going to see one by one in this presentation 00:07:18
But you have to understand the different elements that we are going to see and the differences between Romanesque and Gothic. 00:07:26
At the first sight is obvious this is different from Romanesque because of the arches, because of the windows, the flying buttresses, the towers, the height of the building. 00:07:37
So, one by one. 00:07:54
The Gothic cathedrals are higher, brighter and complex buildings in comparison with Romanesque. 00:07:56
They are higher, why? Because of these towers, also these domes and also the pineacles that we have here. 00:08:04
They give us the sensation of being higher. 00:08:14
Also, they are brighter because we have a lot of windows that make possible to have a lot of light in the inside of the building. 00:08:19
And also we have they are complex buildings because all of these crosses that we have in our plan are walls and domes. 00:08:33
so it's so complex to build a gothic cathedral 00:08:44
so now we have to understand how it is possible to build 00:08:51
a higher building with a lot of light and to be complex and the 00:08:56
most important part of these buildings how can we preserve these buildings 00:09:03
because they are too they are built in a very good way 00:09:10
and they are stable and we have also to make some restorations of the buildings but they are very 00:09:16
good buildings because it has a lot of engineering so we can preserve these buildings nowadays 00:09:23
later during this presentation i'm going to explain you how can these people get higher buildings 00:09:33
And it's thanks to these two elements, the arches and the vaults. 00:09:39
Here we have in Spanish arco ojival, it means ojiva, una ojiva es como la cabeza de un misil, 00:09:47
de un proyectil, fijaos aquí es como si fuera una bala, en español una ojiva es esto, 00:09:55
como una bala. 00:10:01
So here we have the arches that are specific from Gothic art. 00:10:03
In English are targeted or pointed arches, arco apuntado, pointed, arco apuntado. 00:10:13
So it works more or less the same as Romanesque arches because if we join together different 00:10:20
arches we get vaults and domes. 00:10:29
But the idea is, the special idea of this arch is the point, that means the top part 00:10:32
of the peak of the arches, because allows the building to be higher, because the nerves, 00:10:40
that we have here, los nervios, that, lo diré, que reparten el peso, o sea, los nervios, 00:10:49
Yes, as I said, as different columns that are distributed in weight, they do not concentrate 00:10:58
all in the same. 00:11:05
So that allows the buildings to be higher. 00:11:06
We will see it better later so that you understand it. 00:11:08
But we need the arch, the flying batteries, el arbotante in Spanish, and a batteries, 00:11:11
un contrafuerte. 00:11:16
Without these elements, our building falls, okay, falls, so we need a lot of elements 00:11:17
to make possible these higher beginnings. 00:11:26
So here in the bottom of the screen you have the typical vault of this art and it's rift 00:11:29
vault. 00:11:39
Comparamos con la del románico que era barrel vault, que era la bóveda de arista y la de 00:11:40
cañón. 00:11:47
Here we have the arched vault, because the two vaults of the arch are crossed. 00:11:48
So, thanks to this element, the arch, the flying batteries and the batteries, we can have a higher building. 00:12:00
If we can have a higher building, we have so thick walls, this is one of the most important elements of Gothic architecture, the light, the windows. 00:12:09
Think in this picture, the Saint-Chapelle in Paris, the walls are windows. 00:12:29
We don't have walls here, we only have columns and pillars, and some columns in the inside of these. 00:12:37
But we have here our vaults, here we have the different nerves that cross, 00:12:46
and they get the weight through the different nerves to the different pillars. 00:12:55
So the weight is not always in the same place. Here we have the center of the cross and we can share the weight through the different nerves and go to the ground. 00:13:03
So if the weight of the building went to the base of the building, we can liberate some space from the walls. 00:13:19
That means we don't need so huge walls, we can have thick walls. 00:13:30
I'm going to say this in Spanish so you can understand it a little better because this is the essence of Gothic and if it's not clear, you won't understand anything else. 00:13:36
The difference that we have between the Gothic and the Romanesque is that the Romanesque were very thick walls that barely let the light pass and that needed large counterfeits outside the building. 00:13:43
The Gothic, on the contrary, what it does is that with this crossbow, that is, crossing the different nerves that we have, it distributes the weight. 00:13:55
That is, the weight of the dome goes down through the pillars and rests directly on the ground. 00:14:05
This allows the wall to practically not exist, it is like a skyscraper today. 00:14:13
In a skyscraper today we have the wall of cargo, which is usually a pillar in the center, 00:14:19
many times there it goes close to the elevator, the wall of cargo, and then everything else is steel and glass. 00:14:26
and it is much larger than a Romanesque church, because the wall is so weak that the structure of the building does not withstand the wall, 00:14:32
but the structure of the building is held by the pillars, the columns and these nerves. 00:14:40
Obviously the Gothic cathedrals have counterfeits, which we are going to see now, but they are much finer counterfeits, 00:14:46
because what you have to understand is that in the Romanesque the weight of the building is held by the walls, 00:14:52
that is, the walls, because they have to be very thick to withstand that building, 00:14:57
However, in Gothic, the weight of the walls, or the weight of the ceiling, sorry, is not held by the walls, but by certain parts of the walls, which are these pillars that I have here marked in red, and as you can see, they connect with the crossing vault. 00:15:01
How does that allow it? Thanks to the pointed arch, it gradually releases the tension. 00:15:15
Now I'm going to put a video in which you will understand it very well, but what I want you to understand is that in Romanesque, the wall is the one that holds the weight of the building, 00:15:20
And in Gothic, as it is not the wall that holds it, but rather the pillars, it allows you to raise the building much more and fill it with windows, because we no longer need so much wall, because we can remove the wall, it is like a skyscraper, if you remove a skyscraper from the walls, it will hold you, because it is all made of reinforced concrete, with ferrari, you do not need walls, because in Gothic it is more or less the same. 00:15:28
So now with the arbotantes and the contrafuertes you are going to see it very well. 00:15:52
This part, the buttresses and flying buttresses are Arbotante, I'm going to put it in another color so you can see it better. 00:15:56
We have the Arbotante, it's going to be here in orange, which is what we call flying buttresses. 00:16:09
in Spanish it is Arbotante. And then we are going to have here the contraforte and then we have in this part, in the central drawing, we have how a church is built, 00:16:23
it is like a section, a profile, a cut of a Gothic building. So we have three entrances, two side ships and a central ship. 00:16:41
Until there everything is fine. We have in the central ship the first pillars, sorry for my pulse, but the first pillars, this is a wooden warehouse, if you remember Notre Dame when it was burned last year, what burned was the wood, okay, just like the roof, obviously they use wood because it is lighter than the stone. 00:16:50
So, what we have here, this claristorium, is the area where more light enters, and the triforium, which is a divided area in three, is called a triforium. 00:17:12
But what interests me is that you see how the central arc is pointed. 00:17:21
So, when it is pointed, the weights are distributed. 00:17:27
Where? To this pillar, which finishes it off with a pinnacle to give it more strength below and that also distributes the weight. 00:17:30
That is, what you have to think is, I'm going to paint it again so you can see it well, what you have to think is, the weight is here, that is, the roof is here. 00:17:39
So we, from here, which is the central part of the arc, distribute the force in various directions. 00:17:52
in various directions, so that's what you have to understand, thanks to that weight distribution in various directions, the building allows you to make it higher 00:18:03
why? because before in the Romanesque this part did not exist, this in the Romanesque we do not have it, we have the wall and the counterweight piece down here 00:18:18
But in the Gothic, what it allows you is that with the arbotantes you distribute the weight and then you already have a counterweight, but much thinner, you see? 00:18:27
Obviously we have counterweights, but they are thinner than those of the Romanesque. 00:18:35
What the Gothic allows you to do is distribute the weight, okay? That's what I want you to understand. 00:18:38
How do you distribute it? With the fly-in batteries and the contrafort itself, which we have here. 00:18:48
We are going to see this better in the video that I have told you that you are going to understand it very well. 00:18:57
the rosette or the rose window, the pink one, so to speak, with all the archivoltas and everything that we are seeing, okay? 00:19:24
But well, you just have to know that they usually have three entrances or three doors because there are three names. 00:19:35
The Gables and the Pineacles. Let's see. Gables in Spanish is gabletes, it is called that way. 00:19:40
And pineacles in English, well, pinnaculos in Spanish. Let's see. 00:19:47
This part is a bit, the pinnacles have a decorative function, but also a structural function, that is, the pinnacles give you weight to the counterweight and make it more stable, that is, if we go here, this is the pinnacle, this part is going to be the pinnacle. 00:19:52
So if I put the weight down here and it reaches the counterweight, if I add a little more weight at the top, I make the weight go down, not to the side. 00:20:10
I don't know if you see the direction. 00:20:23
So the pinnacle allows us to put weight down and then the counterweight is more stable. 00:20:25
Without the pinnacle, with the passage of time, the ship will gradually open and end up falling. 00:20:30
However, with the pinnacle, that does not happen and decorates the pinnacle, well, the pinnacle, another part of the frontons, which are these gables or gables, 00:20:37
which are simply a decoration in the shape of a fillet. 00:20:47
It is good that you know that it is a small decoration. 00:20:52
The fact that it is structural is that the pinnacle does have a function, the gables are simply structural. 00:20:59
This is an image so that you can see how the interior of a Gothic cathedral and the exterior are. 00:21:05
Look, what we have here are the arbutants. 00:21:11
These are the flying matrices. 00:21:15
And here we have the pinnacle. 00:21:18
What this arbutant allows is to distribute the weight inside the ship of these walls. 00:21:25
If you distribute it, it allows you to lift buildings much higher. 00:21:31
Look at the inside of this cathedral, the arch pointed, as you can see, this would be the central nave, here we have the claristory or the triforium, you see how we have several plants, the vineyards, which are what illuminate everything, the nerves, look at all the nerves that we have here in this corner, this allows you to connect with more domes, electronic, but it is ingenious. 00:21:35
This is another picture to show you the different parts of the church, to be clear on it, ok? 00:22:12
Here we have the different colors and the legends, the chapels, that is the apsirioles, 00:22:23
the central nave and the transept, ok? 00:22:28
In blue, the ais or the deambulatori, that is, the lateral nave or corridor and the deambulatorio 00:22:30
of Girola, the entrance, here, here in this picture where you have more or less the same, 00:22:36
the rosette, here we have the flying batteries, the transept, the lift pole, the flying batteries, 00:22:44
the central nave, the tower, the entrance, it's more or less the same. I think the parts 00:22:56
are clear. But here we have what did a master cathedral builder do. This is from the point 00:23:02
3 you are going to make a summary from this point you will see later but i i select some parts to 00:23:09
explain you this part in here you have a video you see we have the minutes and the seconds 00:23:15
from the parts that i want to focus on but you can watch the whole video i'm going to 00:23:21
to write the link in the audio virtual if you want okay it has two parts 00:23:28
And it's a documentary showing us how to restore a cathedral and also how to rebuild. 00:23:34
So here we have the video I want to show you. 00:23:46
And it's a model of how to create an arch with the flying batteries, the batteries and the pineapple. 00:23:50
we can bring it a little closer is the same problem that is faced by frank in 00:24:02
california is pushing outwards if you remove in the frame of 00:24:08
wood now the arch would collapse because the push line is pushing 00:24:16
these two dobelas out frank needs to counteract that force 00:24:20
así que coloca un soporte para apuntalar lo así es la línea de empujes llega hasta aquí 00:24:27
que es donde ejerce presión este segmento sirve para contrarrestar lo de esta ingeniosa solución 00:24:36
se conoce como arbotante eso es para que funcione debe estar perfectamente colocado 00:24:43
if this button is too high then the arch could be combined here below if it is 00:24:50
too low the arch could be opened here so it is very important that it is at the 00:24:59
right height we are going to remove these two side pieces it is the moment of truth 00:25:05
frank is about to find out if his arch of stone is held only without using a hammer 00:25:14
the team carefully removes the spines the wooden supports slowly we are going to see if it does not 00:25:20
fall great we are doing well now I am going to let go it does not move perfect 00:25:29
it is very exciting it always seems like a miracle that the bow is 00:25:42
sostenga cuando retiras las cimbras 00:25:45
votantes alcanzan dimensiones espectaculares en las catedrales góticas 00:25:51
se alzan majestuosamente 00:26:05
creando una intrincada telaraña de piedra 00:26:10
with the invention of the pointed arch and the archer the medieval engineers 00:26:19
were able to flood their celestial light constructions and raise them towards the sky 00:26:24
the arch and the archer are the basic components of any cathedral 00:26:36
but they form a castle of naipes in which the position of each of the dobelas has 00:26:42
crucial role 00:26:47
to demonstrate frank moves a dobel ready 00:26:51
here we go without a spring that counteracts the 00:26:56
pressures the push of the arch out displaces the column 00:27:06
and the structure crumbles 00:27:12
The force that has caused this structure to collapse is the same that is deforming the columns of Ammian. 00:27:16
Do you remember that they were based on the apprentice, the craftsman and the master? 00:29:05
Well, this is the master, the strongest of the guild, so to speak. 00:29:10
And also we have here the stonemason, the carpenter, the builder, the peon, 00:29:13
and hoist to the stones, a crane. This is a representation of how it is built. 00:29:21
So here we have the two stonemasons, the pillars and the columns. 00:29:32
First, we have a wooden frame that was built, that was like the model of stone, I mean, sorry, of wood that they call us in the video, okay? 00:29:47
So, as we have down here, we have a wooden script and on top we are placing the stones. 00:29:57
So, the stones are placed on top with mortar, the mortar, the cement, okay? 00:30:02
A building made of cement, a little cement so that it stays seated, if not, it falls. 00:30:08
Then it was built practically the same as now, a brick, cement, another brick, and so on. 00:30:14
Well, here we have this word, aslars, they are called sillares, that is, stone sillares, stone blocks. 00:30:21
And the wassers are the dowels, which are dowels that are each one of the parts that make up an arch, each one of the pebbles that go into the arch. 00:30:28
The central dowel is usually called clave. 00:30:44
And the last thing that interests me is this symbol that says here, 00:30:47
It says here in Stone Masons Spiral Shaped Mark on the block of stone. 00:30:50
I don't know if it sounds like the Freemasons and Freemasonry or the Frankmasons. 00:30:54
It is currently a lodge, it is like a sect. 00:30:59
And at that time it was a guild. 00:31:01
They are the lodge of the canteros. 00:31:03
That is, each cantero master, that is, each stone mason that we have here, 00:31:05
created a mark, it was like a sign of a cantero. 00:31:08
So he said that he had worked on those blocks, 00:31:11
therefore he had participated in the construction of that building. 00:31:14
simply so that you know that there they were looking for a little recognition from the rest of the world. 00:31:19
So far it will be the explanation, if you have any questions, I will create a specific forum of questions on topic 8, 00:31:29
if you have any questions you ask me there. 00:31:38
And then exercises or duties. 00:31:40
Exercise 1 and 2 of page 156. Why do I put you on the page? 00:31:42
because since we each have a numbering, it is my page 156, I remember that in the virtual classroom 00:31:46
this is pdf with the scanned book, page 156, it does not coincide with yours, it has to be done in the notebook 00:31:52
copying all the questions, as you already know, and then make a summary of point 3, that is, 00:32:06
Andres de Máster Cáceres Vídeo. 00:32:12
At 6.3, the summary. 00:32:14
And that's it. 00:32:16
It has to be uploaded on the 21st of March, 00:32:18
September 2nd. 00:32:20
You write to the website 00:32:25
and you can download it. 00:32:30
Thank you. 00:32:32
Subido por:
Marta N.
Licencia:
Todos los derechos reservados
Visualizaciones:
97
Fecha:
20 de abril de 2020 - 13:52
Visibilidad:
Clave
Centro:
IES FEDERICO GARCIA LORCA
Duración:
32′ 37″
Relación de aspecto:
1.78:1
Resolución:
1920x1080 píxeles
Tamaño:
199.10 MBytes

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