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The Congress of Vienna - Contenido educativo

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Subido el 6 de noviembre de 2023 por Luis H.

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Hello class, today we have an important topic ahead of us because we are going to explain 00:00:00
today what happened after the death of Napoleon. So let's start by looking Europe at this moment. 00:00:08
After the death of Napoleon or the death of Napoleon paved the way for a new period in 00:00:19
Europe. Paved the way means sentar las bases. There was a new start which was called the Bourbon 00:00:28
Restoration because many many kings from the old regime came again into power. So the death of 00:00:38
Napoleon as I said before paved the way for a new period in Europe, one in which absolutism 00:00:49
again was restored. But do you think that it was possible in 1815 to return to the previous time? 00:00:58
Obviously not and for this reason as a consequence the forces of liberalism and nationalism which 00:01:07
came from the French Revolution were triumphant in the end. They succeeded in the end. So this is 00:01:17
the topic that we are going to analyze in this lesson. At this moment from 1814 to 1815 it took 00:01:26
place maybe the most important conference in the whole history of the 19th century. There were many 00:01:39
important conferences in history. For example the conference in Paris after the First World War. 00:01:48
So one similar conference in the 19th century was the Vienna Conference that we are about to 00:01:57
explain. So who was the organizer of this conference, the Vienna Conference? The main 00:02:04
organizer was the Austrian Empire whose chancellor was Metternich. Metternich from the Austrian 00:02:13
Empire was the main organizer and Metternich wanted to stop basically the liberal ideas, 00:02:24
the ideas from the French Revolution to establish again, to set up again absolutism. 00:02:33
And together with Austria they came to the Vienna Conference different countries, different forces 00:02:41
which were also absolutists. Russia for example, the Russian Empire which sent Nassau Road, the 00:02:52
minister of foreign affairs, Nassau Road who was the minister of Alexander, the Tsar Alexander in 00:03:04
Russia. And also Handerberg was the representative of Prussia, another absolutist country. 00:03:15
Together with Austria, Russia and Prussia they came from Great Britain. For example 00:03:25
the minister of foreign affairs, Castlereagh who was the representative of Great Britain, 00:03:36
a liberal country. And also Metternich was having the minister of France, the minister of foreign 00:03:42
affairs, Talleyrand. So despite the defeat of France, also France was having by Metternich 00:03:51
in the Vienna Conference. So the Vienna Conference was like a big party which took place in from 00:04:02
1814 to 1815. It was a great party because all these ministers and diplomats and politicians 00:04:13
in general, they spent one year talking in Vienna about the new absolutist order. So 00:04:24
imagine that your president spent almost one year in another country, in another city, 00:04:35
only talking about the new order that they were about to build. So the most important 00:04:42
powers which had defeated Napoleon, such as the United Kingdom, the Austrian Empire, 00:04:51
Prussia and the Russian Empire, met in Vienna, in the conference in Vienna, 00:05:02
also with two important objectives or goals in mind. They wanted basically to restore 00:05:09
the old regime monarchs that had been deposed by Napoleon. Remember that when Napoleon conquered 00:05:20
Italy, the Austrian Empire, Prussia and he tried to conquer Russia but finally he was not able to 00:05:29
do that. He basically removed from power all these old regime monarchs so as to develop liberalism 00:05:38
in those countries. So now in the conference of Vienna, in the Vienna Conference, the old 00:05:49
regime monarchs that had been deposed by Napoleon, they came again into power and the 00:05:55
best example was Louis XVIII in France because he was a Bourbon monarch. Remember that his family 00:06:06
lost the power in January in 1793 when Louis XVI was sent to the guillotine and now the Bourbons 00:06:15
came again into power and obviously Louis XVIII was an absolutist monarch. It was a good example 00:06:25
of what was happening in Vienna. Also, the other objective in mind was to reshape the European map 00:06:36
to their advantage. I mean, the representatives of Vienna who were absolutists wanted to reshape 00:06:52
the European map to their advantage. They reshaped the European map to their advantage 00:07:03
and for this reason they carried out many important changes that I'm going to explain in a minute. 00:07:20
For example, France, as you know, Napoleon was defeated in 1815 and for this reason France 00:07:30
was forced to return to its borders in 1791. I mean, in the period prior to the National 00:07:43
Convention. So, despite France was conquering many, many territories by Napoleon, first in 00:07:58
Italy, then in Austria and finally in Prussia because he was not able to conquer Russia, 00:08:09
France lost all these territories and French people were forced to return their borders 00:08:16
to the year 1791. I mean, to the year prior to the National Convention, prior to the period of 00:08:24
Robespierre. Another important change was in what is now Germany because the old Holy Roman Empire 00:08:34
ended, disappeared and it was created another state which was called the Yemen Confederation 00:08:44
that was composed of, pay attention, 39 different states. But the most important states were 00:08:53
Austria and Prussia and the most significant I would say that it was Prussia because Prussia 00:09:02
managed to conquer the area of the Ruhr which was an industrialized area. So, to sum up, France was 00:09:11
forced to return to the borders in 1791, the Holy Roman Empire disappeared and it was replaced by 00:09:22
the Yemen Confederation and also in Vienna, two important new countries emerged. The Netherlands 00:09:32
which was created to block the French border and also the Piedmont Kingdom 00:09:44
with Savoy and Nice because France lost Savoy, this area, and also Nice and the forces in Vienna 00:09:58
gave both territories to the Kingdom of Piedmont, the area of what is now Turin. 00:10:10
And the Piedmont was protected by the Austrian Empire because they were tiny 00:10:16
countries to fight against France and for this reason the Austrian Empire 00:10:27
protected the Piedmont and the Netherlands which was another tiny country was protected by the 00:10:33
Yemen Confederation. So, there were many many changes as you might see here in the map. France 00:10:44
was forced to return to its borders in 1791. It was created the Yemen Confederation, a powerful 00:10:52
state which was composed of Prussia and Austria and also two tiny countries were created to block 00:11:01
the French border, first the Netherlands and secondly the Piedmont. The Piedmont was 00:11:12
protected by the Austrian Empire and the Netherlands was protected by Prussia. 00:11:18
Also in Vienna, they agreed to hold congresses to resolve to sort out the problems in Europe and 00:11:26
one good example was the situation in Poland. As I said before, in Vienna they agreed to hold 00:11:38
congresses to sort out to resolve the disputes in Europe and one of the better, one of the, 00:11:47
sorry, one of the best examples was Poland. What happened, what was happening in Poland? Poland 00:11:57
Poland disappeared basically after the Vienna Conference. Why? Because many many 00:12:06
empires wanted to take over Poland so the whole country disappeared in the conference in Vienna 00:12:14
and they emerged again after the First World War. So, the country of Poland disappeared from 1815 00:12:23
to 1919 basically after the conference in Paris, after the First World War. 00:12:32
What was happening in Vienna? In Vienna related to Poland. Poland was a tiny country and 00:12:40
poor Polish people because they were divided into different areas because different empires 00:12:52
wanted to take over Poland. So, the Russian Empire, for example, created the Kingdom of Poland 00:13:01
in the area of Warsaw, back Soviet. Also, the Prussians conquered western Poland, what is now 00:13:08
Silesia and the area of Danzig and in the south we might see the area of Krakow that belonged to the 00:13:17
Austrian Empire. So, in Vienna all these countries, the Russian Empire, the Austrian Empire and the 00:13:29
Prussian Empire agreed to divide Poland into three different states which belong to different 00:13:39
empires and as a consequence of that Poland disappeared. Another good example was Spain. 00:13:50
What was happening in Spain at that moment? In Vienna, all these absolutist countries such as 00:13:58
Russia, Austria and also Russia, they were authorized to intervene in case of a liberal 00:14:08
revolution. Basically, to implement again absolutism in one particular country and this 00:14:19
is what was happening in Spain. In Spain, after the War of Independence, 00:14:28
Ferdinand VII, Fernando VII came into power. We were talking about 1814 and Ferdinand VII 00:14:37
was an absolutist country so he implemented again, he set up again absolutism in Spain. 00:14:47
But during the Peninsular War, during the War of Independence, there was a liberal 00:14:56
revolution in Spain. So, while the liberal revolution was spreading in Spain due to the 00:15:05
Cortes of Cádiz, due to the new constitution in Cádiz from 1812 onwards, due to the liberal 00:15:16
revolution in Spain, many countries in South America were following the example of the 00:15:26
liberal revolution in Spain due to the constitution of Cádiz in 1812 and also they were following the 00:15:33
example of the United States. Many Spanish colonies in South America wanted to implement 00:15:41
another liberal revolution. In 1814, Fernando VII, Ferdinand VII, was not able to send troops 00:15:52
to stop the liberal revolution in South America which began in Argentina and then in Chile. 00:16:06
But in 1812, Ferdinand VII was ready to send troops to stop the liberal revolution in South 00:16:16
America. So, I'm going to repeat it again. In 1814, Ferdinand VII began absolutism in Spain and at 00:16:27
that moment he was not able to send troops to stop the liberal revolution in South America 00:16:36
but he was completely ready in 1812. Actually, he gathered an army in order to send this army 00:16:43
from here, from Cádiz, from Las Cabezas de San Juan to South America. One of the main leaders of this 00:16:54
army was Rafael de Riego but he was liberal and he didn't want to travel to South America 00:17:03
to impose absolutism again in South America. He was liberal and for this reason he convinced 00:17:14
the absolutist army from the king in Cabezas de San Juan to fight not against 00:17:23
liberalism in South America. He convinced the army from the king to impose liberalism in Spain. 00:17:35
Remember that Ferdinand VII's regime was absolutist and Rafael de Riego convinced the 00:17:45
king's army to fight against the king and to impose liberalism in Spain. Rafael de Riego 00:17:55
succeeded. He fought against the king and he imposed liberalism in Spain for three years but 00:18:06
remember that the forces in Vienna were absolutists and they had the right, they 00:18:15
got the right in the Vienna conference to intervene in case of a liberal revolution. 00:18:26
So, as a consequence of that, the Vienna conference 00:18:33
held a meeting in the city of Verona in Italy and from there they sent an army 00:18:40
which came from here, from France to impose absolutism again in Spain. So this is the moment 00:18:49
in 1822 when basically the 100,000 sons of Saint Louis, because the vast majority of them 00:18:58
came from France, France together with the absolutist countries sent an army to Spain 00:19:10
to impose absolutism again. They succeeded, they imposed absolutism again in 1823 00:19:21
and you might see here on the screen the consequences for Rafael de Riego. 00:19:31
He was hung very close from Cervantes secondary school in Plaza de la Cebada in La Latina. 00:19:40
This is the end of Rafael de Riego. He was a revolutionary but due to his ideas he died. He was 00:19:48
hung for the Vienna forces at this moment in history. So, also we need to explain that due 00:19:56
to the Vienna conference two alliances were created to impose the absolutist order. So, 00:20:08
in order to guarantee the absolutist regime, pay attention to this expression, 00:20:19
con el fin de garantizar el orden absolutista. In order to guarantee the absolutist order, 00:20:27
two different alliances were created. The first one was the Holy Alliance which was composed of 00:20:35
Austria, Prussia and Russia to impose again absolutism and the catholic religion in Europe 00:20:44
because they were absolutists and also the quadruple alliance because Great Britain was 00:20:53
not part of the Holy Alliance. They didn't want to join the Holy Alliance because they were liberals 00:21:02
and the rest were absolutists but Great Britain agreed to form, to join with them the quadruple 00:21:10
alliance. The quadruple alliance was composed of Austria, Prussia and Russia together with 00:21:19
Great Britain and it had another goal in mind. They wanted to set up, they wanted to maintain 00:21:26
the status quo in Europe. So, this alliance had three different goals in mind. First, to maintain 00:21:36
the peace in Europe. Secondly, to set up the balance of power in Europe basically to prevent 00:21:45
any country from dominating the rest and also Great Britain together with the rest, Austria, 00:21:55
Prussia and Russia. In reality, Russia was part of the quadruple alliance but Great Britain was 00:22:04
really afraid of Russia and the British wanted to isolate Russia because they became really 00:22:13
important at that moment in history. So, we have finished here. Remember that the Vienna 00:22:23
Conference was really important in history because they re-established again absolutism in 00:22:31
Europe for a short period of time. Different absolutist monarchs came again into power. 00:22:38
They wanted to sort out different problems in Europe. For example, in Poland they wanted to 00:22:48
prevent also liberal revolutions such as in Spain and in other countries that we will see 00:22:58
in the following lessons. Two important alliances were created to maintain absolutism. 00:23:07
The Holy Alliance and also the quadruple alliance to maintain the balance of power. 00:23:15
To maintain the status quo in Europe and in this new balance of power Great Britain will 00:23:24
dominate the Atlantic Ocean and also he would control Europe and its main threat that happened 00:23:34
after Napoleon which was the Russian Empire. So, on the following lessons, don't skip the 00:23:46
following lessons because we will explain how the liberals, how the common people in Europe 00:23:55
wanted to stop absolutism again and the order established in Vienna. So, as a consequence of 00:24:04
that we will see the revolutions in the 20s, 30s and in the 40s which finally put an end to 00:24:13
absolutism in Europe. Thank you for your attention and bye-bye! 00:24:21
Autor/es:
Luis Horrillo sánchez
Subido por:
Luis H.
Licencia:
Dominio público
Visualizaciones:
152
Fecha:
6 de noviembre de 2023 - 9:44
Visibilidad:
Público
Centro:
IES CERVANTES
Duración:
24′ 33″
Relación de aspecto:
1.83:1
Resolución:
3840x2100 píxeles
Tamaño:
81.88 MBytes

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