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Secirity of supply: Europe spins its energy web

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Subido el 5 de julio de 2007 por EducaMadrid

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The Italian blackout of September 2003 clearly demonstrated the need to further develop interconnections between national grids and reinforce cooperation between grid operators. Ensuring that electricity production capacity is sufficient to cover times of peak consumption is imperative. As the EU will increasingly depend on natural gas, the key issue here is to diversify its sources of supply. These measures are taken within the framework of the completion of the single market for electricity and gas, security of supply policy and the management of energy demand. The video includes images of electrical and gas infrastructure as well as interviews with representative industry players.

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We're in Switzerland, more exactly in Brunnen, on the shores of Lake Lucerne. 00:00:00
At the end of 2003, all of Italy came to know this calm tourist resort. 00:00:16
A high voltage line on the neighbouring mountain transmits several hundred megawatts of electricity 00:00:24
every day from France to Italy. 00:00:28
Italy imports one quarter of its electricity needs. 00:00:31
On the night of September the 27th, 2003, overheating due to intense traffic caused 00:00:37
the cables to dilate to such a point that they lengthened and touched the treetops. 00:00:42
The result was an electric arc that caused the high voltage line to lose its power. 00:00:47
This is an incident which happens very seldomly and it happens more frequently if the trimming 00:00:52
of the trees around the line is not well performed, but you cannot say that you can fully exclude 00:01:01
such an event. 00:01:09
It may happen. 00:01:10
The line should have automatically returned to service, but that night it didn't. 00:01:12
So the electricity was redirected to other lines. 00:01:17
Day two overheated and lost power causing a chain reaction. 00:01:20
What at first seemed to be a banal incident ended up plunging all of Italy into darkness 00:01:24
for hours. 00:01:28
Countermeasures were foreseen to face that loss and to keep the system, to return the 00:01:30
system even to a safe state, but these countermeasures, which are a group of technical measures, 00:01:36
has not been executed timely. 00:01:44
This was not the first such blackout in Europe. 00:01:48
In 2003 London and Helsinki had also had blackout problems, though less important. 00:01:50
These incidents raise the question of the security of energy supply in the European 00:01:57
Union. 00:02:01
First question, how is electricity demand evolving in Europe and are there enough generating 00:02:03
plants? 00:02:08
We are now developing a growth of two or three percent per year, which means that there is 00:02:09
still an increased demand for electricity, but at lower rates than in the past. 00:02:16
In Europe, according to our estimates, there will be a considerable need for new investments, 00:02:22
not only to cope with the increasing demand for electricity, but also to cope with the 00:02:27
situation that a lot of the existing power plants are growing older and need to be replaced. 00:02:33
There is around 500,000 to 600,000 megawatts of installed capacity to be foreseen. 00:02:40
In the coming 30 years we must invest as much as is actually installed already. 00:02:46
Impressive though it may be, this figure takes account of the programmed replacement of certain 00:02:54
power plants reaching the end of their life cycle. 00:02:58
Growth in consumption is slowing. 00:03:01
This is a success for the European Union, which has made managing the demand side one 00:03:03
of its great priorities. 00:03:07
There's a hitch though. 00:03:09
Indeed, some countries have a chronic deficit of generating capacity. 00:03:40
For the European Commission, it's each member state's responsibility to ensure that it has 00:03:46
enough generating means, including for peak consumption periods. 00:03:50
It therefore proposes that member states, in collaboration with the regulatory authorities, 00:03:54
be allowed to intervene to step up the construction of necessary infrastructure, or even to issue 00:03:59
calls for tenders to have it built. 00:04:04
Simultaneously, the regulators can steer choices towards the most environmentally friendly 00:04:07
generating means. 00:04:12
They could thus contribute to achieving the Kyoto Objectives, not forgetting that Europe's 00:04:13
made a commitment to generate 21% clean electricity by 2010. 00:04:17
Second question, is the electricity transmission network between member states in line with 00:04:26
its needs? 00:04:30
The objective of the domestic market is to allow each consumer, you, me, the companies, 00:04:32
to progressively choose their electricity suppliers. 00:04:43
For this market to function well, each national market must be better linked to the other 00:04:48
national markets. 00:04:56
Originally, interconnections between countries were established for mutual assistance in 00:04:58
case of failures. 00:05:03
Today, they're proving to be undersized for massive commercial exchanges. 00:05:05
So there's a danger of seeing users remain captives of national suppliers, in spite of 00:05:10
the market opening up. 00:05:15
The Italian blackout also demonstrates that it would be wise to provide more alternative 00:05:17
routes for electricity in case of a problem on a line. 00:05:21
The main bottlenecks are located between what we call the continental plate, i.e. Germany, 00:05:27
Belgium, France, and the peninsulas. 00:05:33
Electric peninsulas, mainly the Iberian peninsula, the Italian peninsula, and also to a lesser 00:05:37
degree, Holland. 00:05:44
In 2002, the member states decided to raise their interconnection capacity to at least 00:05:47
10% of electricity generated. 00:05:52
We're up to 8% so far. 00:05:54
The map of priority interconnections speaks for itself. 00:05:58
The European Commission has proposed two new concepts, which can be easily understood. 00:06:24
The first is that certain energy transport infrastructures be declared of European interest. 00:06:40
And it has also proposed that there be European coordinators who can simplify all the necessary 00:06:48
procedures. 00:06:58
It is also necessary that there is a will from the network managers of transport to invest 00:07:00
to carry out these works. 00:07:06
It is therefore necessary that there is an economic interest, i.e. that there is a profitability 00:07:08
that is ensured to carry out such infrastructures. 00:07:13
In the case of an interconnection of community interest that is difficult to implement, the 00:07:17
extra cost of the works could be offset by granting preferential operating conditions. 00:07:22
But some point out the limits of excessive interconnection. 00:07:28
We should not forget that electricity is a product that is not made to be transported 00:07:31
over long distances. 00:07:37
So we should not have the illusion that we can build a market where electricity is freely 00:07:39
transported from the north of Europe to the south of Europe and vice versa. 00:07:44
So we must also take into account a number of physical limitations. 00:07:48
And as a consequence of that, generation capacity will, to a large extent, continue to be built 00:07:54
locally. 00:08:00
It is not the electricity which is moved all over Europe. 00:08:02
Yes, partly this is true, but this is not the fundamental base of the market. 00:08:05
It is the market players who look to be present in the many different sub-markets on the European scale. 00:08:09
After investigating the Italian blackout, the European Commission also stressed the 00:08:19
importance of better cooperation between transmission system operators in different member states. 00:08:23
The opening of the market has considerably changed how the land lies. 00:08:29
In the past we had one operator who was responsible for generation and transmission and supply 00:08:34
and it was perfectly previsible where the flows over the grid would flow. 00:08:40
Today there are numerous commercial transactions. 00:08:46
That means that the control over what is happening, the data exchange that has to happen between 00:08:49
transmission system operators, is now more complicated and therefore there is a need 00:08:55
for improved data exchange. 00:09:01
There is a need for improved cooperation between transmission system operators. 00:09:03
Along with electricity, another source of energy has the wind in its sails in Europe. 00:09:10
Gas. 00:09:15
It is expected to amount to one third of our energy consumption within 20 years. 00:09:16
One of the reasons for the growing demand for gas is that it is increasingly being used 00:09:21
as a primary energy source to generate electricity. 00:09:25
So Europe could become dependent on gas producer regions for its supply of gas and indirectly 00:09:28
for its supply of electricity. 00:09:33
We can be too dependent on certain sources of supply for geopolitical reasons. 00:09:59
And the Commission, in particular through a strategic document called the Green Book 00:10:05
on the Safety of Supply, promotes a diversification of energy sources. 00:10:11
It is a very important issue. 00:10:17
It is a very important issue. 00:10:19
It is a very important issue. 00:10:21
The Green Book on the Safety of Supply promotes a diversification of gas imports and a cooperation 00:10:23
with the producing countries, in particular with Russia, to link with these countries 00:10:32
through long-term supply contracts and common infrastructure projects. 00:10:38
This diversification of energy supply will involve extending various gas pipeline networks 00:10:47
and increasing the number of liquefied natural gas terminals. 00:10:52
The idea is to create a gas safety belt for Europe. 00:10:56
In parallel, the build-up of strategic gas stocks will protect the European Union 00:11:01
from the ups and downs of the market. 00:11:06
The Italian blackout of September 2003 has highlighted the importance of interconnections between countries. 00:11:12
Strengthening these, both for electricity and for gas, will allow the creation of a vast network of European networks 00:11:18
which will aid transfers and mutual assistance. 00:11:25
A sort of energy internet. 00:11:28
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Idioma/s:
en
Niveles educativos:
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      • Nivel Intermedio
Autor/es:
The European Union
Subido por:
EducaMadrid
Licencia:
Reconocimiento - No comercial - Sin obra derivada
Visualizaciones:
924
Fecha:
5 de julio de 2007 - 12:42
Visibilidad:
Público
Enlace Relacionado:
European Commission
Duración:
00′ 27″
Relación de aspecto:
4:3 Hasta 2009 fue el estándar utilizado en la televisión PAL; muchas pantallas de ordenador y televisores usan este estándar, erróneamente llamado cuadrado, cuando en la realidad es rectangular o wide.
Resolución:
320x240 píxeles
Tamaño:
58.78 MBytes

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