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Relative Clauses - Contenido educativo
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Explanation in English (with a few bits in Spanish) of relative clauses for 4th ESO / 1st Bachillerato. It includes rules, types and examples.
Hello sunshines and welcome to this video in which I'm going to explain you the relative clauses,
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the rules, the types that there are, and I'm going to provide you with some examples as well.
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Now let's begin with the basics. What are relative clauses? Relative clauses, also known as
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adjective clauses, are used to include or provide information about a noun, the same way that
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adjectives do and that's why they are also named adjective clauses and that noun can be a person
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or a group of people, animals, objects, a place, a time or a possession. Also in order for relative
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clauses to be considered as such they must include their own verb. That means that a sentence with a
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relative clause is always going to have two or more verbs and they must be
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introduced by a relative pronoun which makes a reference to the noun that has
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been mentioned before and that pronoun can be who used for people which used
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for animals and objects. That, which is a wild card, un comodín, it's a wild card
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that can be used instead of who or which but only in defining clauses. That es un
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comodín que vamos a poder intercambiar por who or which pero únicamente en las
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defining relative clauses. Whose expresses possession and we will go into
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further detail near the end of the presentation because it's a bit tricky. Where works with places
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and when works with time. Let's have a look at some examples before we continue explaining stuff.
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So let's say for example that I have two sentences like I've got a lot of friends and they live in
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Alicante. I can transform those two sentences into one only sentence that could be, I've got a lot
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of friends who or that live in Alicante. As you can see, here we are using who or that, so that
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gives you a clue about this relative clause being defining, okay? Another example, my father lives
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in Belgium. He is a diplomat. I wish he were, but it's not. He's not. My father, who is a diplomat,
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lives in Belgium. You see, here we can't use that. We are not using that. That means this
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sentence is non-defining. More examples. I'm dating a guy. Estoy saliendo con un chico.
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His sister works in the same school as me
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I'm dating a guy whose sister works in the same school as me
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See, this is the whose
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Here it makes reference to the guy but also to the sister
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It's the equivalent of the his
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And in Spanish we would say this sentence the same way
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Estoy saliendo con un chico cuya hermana trabaja en el mismo colegio que yo
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okay but as i said we will have a look at who's in detail further on i will never forget my trip
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to paris in paris i asked my girlfriend to marry me i will never forget my trip to paris where i
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asked my girlfriend to marry me we could also use when here because i popped the question during the
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trip, so it could also work as a time reference instead of a place reference, but I'm using the
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place reference here. Okay, now types of relative clauses. There are two, basically. Defining relative
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clauses, which give specific information about the noun, important information about the noun,
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and important information for the sentence to make sense. Here I'm giving you an example. The course
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which I'm taking is on Thursday evening, which or that, it doesn't matter. If we delete the bit
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where I say that I am taking the course, we don't know which course we are talking about.
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Si quitamos la parte en la que digo que es el curso que yo estoy haciendo, no sabemos de qué
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curso estamos hablando. Por lo tanto, no podemos quitar esa parte, ese trozo, which I'm taking
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or that I'm taking, porque entonces la oración, aunque en este caso gramaticalmente estaría
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correcta, a nivel de significado, a nivel de contenido del mensaje, pierde una parte esencial
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y fundamental. Y eso es lo que caracteriza a las defining relative clauses, que la información que
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aportan es fundamental. On the other hand, non-defining relative clauses give extra additional
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information about the noun, but it's not an important message for the sentence to
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make sense. Continuing with the previous example, I could continue saying the
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course, which I think is very useful, helps me work with the online
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educational platform. En este caso, sí que puedo quitar ese trozo en el que digo
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que el curso me parece muy útil, porque no aporta una información
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esencial para que la oración tenga sentido y sea lógica. Podría saltarme ese trozo y decir
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simplemente the course helps me work with the online educational platform. Sería una frase
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tanto gramaticalmente correcta como semánticamente completa y coherente también. ¿De acuerdo?
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Now let's have a look at the difference between defining and non-defining. There are basically
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four big differences, and we're going to analyze them in contrast.
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So, non-defining relative clauses go between punctuation marks, commas, or a comma plus
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a period, if it's at the end of the sentence, como ya hemos dicho, y visto, las non-defining
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van a ir siempre entre comas, o entre una coma y un punto, un punto y coma, dos puntos,
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cuando van al final de la oración, whereas defining relative clauses are not separated
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or divided from the rest of the sentence by punctuation marks because they are an essential
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part of the sentence. Las defining relative clauses forman parte esencial de la oración
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y por eso no van separadas del resto de la oración entre comas. Non-defining relative
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clauses can be skipped or omitted or deleted and the sentence is still complete whereas defining
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relative clauses need to be read or said for the sentence to make sense. Como ya hemos dicho,
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las defining relative clauses no nos las podemos saltar, hay que leerlas o decirlas para que la
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oración tenga sentido, mientras que las non-defining relative clauses sí que podemos omitirlas o
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soltárnoslas y sigue siendo una oración con sentido.
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In non-defining relative clauses, that is not allowed, whereas in defining relative
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clauses we can use that, but as we have already seen, not always, only instead of who or which.
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We're going to see a few examples of that in a few seconds.
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And finally, we can't omit the pronoun, ever.
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In a non-defining relative clause, the pronoun has always got to be there, whereas in a defining
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relative clause, we can omit the pronoun if it's not the subject of the verb.
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And how do we know that the pronoun is not the subject of the verb?
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Because there is something between the pronoun and the verb, and that something is going
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to be the subject of the verb.
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Me explico.
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Detrás del pronombre relativo siempre tiene que aparecer un verbo, como ya hemos comentado
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Ahora bien, si el pronombre no es el sujeto de ese verbo
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Si el pronombre relativo no es el sujeto de ese verbo
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El pronombre relativo, que tendría que ser who, which
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Y por deducción that or when
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can disappear and how do we know that it is not the subject of the verb because between the relative pronoun
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between that who, which, that or when and the verb that follows it there will be something in between a word
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a noun a pronoun a group of words that that will be the subject of that verb
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Al final de la presentación vais a tener varios ejemplos de esto, ¿de acuerdo?
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Voy a trabajar con ejemplos muy parecidos a lo largo de la presentación
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Para no bombardearos con 800.000 frases
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Y que sean cosas que os suenen, ¿vale?
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Ok, so let's have a look at the examples
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For all the pronouns we are going to see different examples of defining and non-defining relative clauses
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Except for that
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because, as we said, that is only working with defining relative clauses. Let's start with who.
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My cousin lives in London. He's a scientist. My cousin who lives in London, sorry, who is a
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scientist, lives in London. Here, the fact that he is a scientist is not essential for me to say
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that he lives in London, so we can take that part away and it still makes sense. Someone hacked the
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school's website. That person left a digital trace. Digital trace, un rastro digital, que es la forma
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que tienen tanto los hackers como las unidades de ciberdelincuencia de rastrear a las personas
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que cometen ciberdelitos. The person who hacked the school's website left a digital trace. Here,
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if we omit who hacked the school's website, we don't know what person we are talking about.
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and that's why it's a defining relative clause
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because we cannot take that away
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now let's move on to which
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I read a book last night
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it kept me awake for hours
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the book which I read last night
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kept me awake for hours
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someone hit my car from behind
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my car was parked
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someone hit my car which was parked
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from behind
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if we take away the which was parked part
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the sentence still makes sense whereas if we take away which I read last night
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from the previous example we don't know what book we are talking about and the
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sentence does not make complete sense so the first one is defining the
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second one non-defining let's move on to that so all these examples are going to
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defining relative clauses. The book that I read last night kept me awake for
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hours. I've used the same examples as before. Instead of the book
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which I read last night, the book that I read last night, and instead of the
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person who hacked the school's website, the person that hacked the school's
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website left a digital trace. Now here's an extra example for you to enjoy. Come
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did you pass the test many students failed it did you pass the test that many students failed
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y aquí me quiero detener porque si os fijáis en el that hace referencia al test pero es que en
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las dos oraciones simples it también hace referencia al test por lo tanto y por ese motivo
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cuando unimos esas dos oraciones y ponemos ese that el it desaparece y aquí me he querido detener
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porque este es un fallo muy común ¿vale? ese it es el complemento directo de failed y hace referencia
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al test por lo tanto al meter el relative clause failed el complemento directo pasa a ser that
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no podemos poner el it porque estamos pecando de redundancia y eso es una
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incorrección en gramática inglesa vale si usan si tenemos un objeto directo que
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es el pronombre relativo como es este caso no podemos poner otro objeto
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directo que sea el mismo vale por lo tanto did you pass the test that many
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students failed it? Sería incorrecto. Hay que quitar ese it final. Let's continue.
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Examples with when. Now we are obviously talking about time. I am planning a
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surprise party for my sister's birthday. Maluma is giving a concert that same
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night. Maluma is giving a concert on the night when I am planning my sister's
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surprise birthday party. So here we can't skip that part because otherwise the
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sentence doesn't make sense but here let's have a look William Shakespeare
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died on April 23rd 1616 Miguel de Cervantes passed away the same day to
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pass away is another way to say die with different words so we could say fallecer
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instead of morir in Spanish William Shakespeare died on April 23rd 1616 when
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Miguel de Cervantes passed away too okay see this is a non-defining we can take that away and
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it would still express Shakespeare's death now let's move on with where and here we're talking
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about places I use a box to keep my tools has anyone seen it has anyone seen the box where I
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keep my tools so the box even if it's an object it can also be a place because I use it to keep
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my tools. The place doesn't have to be big like a house or a room or a park or a city. It can be
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something as small as a box. But if it works as a place, then we are going to be using where.
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Existen palabras, tanto en inglés como en castellano, que funcionan al mismo tiempo como
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nouns and as objects I mean sorry as nouns and as places
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that is, as objects and as places and this example is very good because a box
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can be an object or it can be a place it can be an object that I have that
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I transport that I move and that would be there we would use the pronoun which or
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o puede ser un lugar donde yo guardo cosas, porque una caja es para guardar cosas, en este caso herramientas,
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y por lo tanto vamos a usar el pronombre where, siempre que haga función de lugar va a ser where,
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y cuando haga función de objeto va a ser which, ¿vale?
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I used to go to a bar for coffee last year. Now it is an ale salon. The bar where I used to go
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for coffee last year is an ale salon. These two examples are defining because we need to specify
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the box and the bar that we are talking about for the sentence to make sense.
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in this next example sorry in this next example um we don't i come from a town called vienna
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it has a well-kept castle the town called vienna where i come from has a well-kept castle the fact
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that i come from vienna is not relevant for the castle to be very well kept and in it so we can
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take that away now let's go to the pronoun whose i want to stop here and have a look at the rules
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because sometimes we make mistakes because we don't use this pronoun correctly in spanish either
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the equivalent in spanish to whose would be cuyo cuya cuyos cuyas all right now whose expresses a
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possession so the the reference that this pronoun has is double the owner and the
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possession puesto que whose o cuyo en castellano expresa una posesión la
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referencia siempre va a ser doble hasta ahora los pronombres que hemos visto
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hacían referencia al sustantivo que se había nombrado previamente ya que ya
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fuera una persona un objeto un animal un lugar o una o un tiempo pero en este caso estamos reflejando
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esa posesión por lo tanto la referencia va a ser doble al poseedor que es a quien acabamos de
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nombrar a quien o a lo que acabamos de nombrar y la posesión que es lo que viene detrás del
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who's, ¿de acuerdo? So, it can be used with people, with objects, with animals, with
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whatever. El hecho de que lo llamemos un posesivo no significa que solo pueda
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usarse con personas. También pueden ser usado con animales, objetos, lo que sea.
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Un ejemplo tonto que se me ocurre, ayer probé un juego cuyas reglas me
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parecían absurdas. ¿Vale? Las reglas eran las reglas del juego. Era su posesión. Pero el juego es un
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objeto. ¿De acuerdo? It can be used in defining and non-defining relative clauses. This pronoun
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works equally with both type of clauses. And, this is important, it can never be omitted.
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Because of that double reference, the pronoun itself is never going to be the subject of the
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verb, but it's never going to disappear, ¿ok? El pronombre whose, como tal, nunca va a ser el
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sujeto del verbo que le sigue. Por lo tanto, en teoría, se podría eliminar, como hemos visto
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antes, como hemos dicho que ocurría con who, which, that, and when. Pero, puesto que hace esa
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necesaria doble referencia entre posesión y poseedor, nunca lo vamos a poder eliminar,
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¿de acuerdo? Siempre tiene que estar. Now, let's have a look at some examples.
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That restaurant is very expensive. I love their homemade chocolate cake.
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That restaurant, whose homemade chocolate cake I love, is very expensive. Ese restaurante,
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cuya tarta de chocolate casera me encanta
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es muy caro.
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¿Veis aquí esa relación entre el restaurante y la tarta?
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My English teacher always calls us sunshines.
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His mother is an English teacher too.
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My English teacher, whose mother is an English teacher too,
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always calls us sunshines.
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These are two non-defining clause examples.
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Let's have a look at defining one.
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one of my cousins is a cop
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her son is my student
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my cousin whose son is my student
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is a cop
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here we cannot
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take away the fact that
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the son of my cousin
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is my student because otherwise
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we don't know which cousin
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we're talking about
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si quitamos la parte en la que digo
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que
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que su hijo
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es mi alumno
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perdemos una referencia acerca de qué prima estoy hablando
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y yo puedo tener muchas primas.
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Estoy hablando específicamente de la prima
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cuyo hijo es mi alumno
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y esa prima es policía, ¿vale?
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Now, let's recap to the omission,
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the pronoun omission part that we have seen
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and let's revise it once again
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that it's it can only happen in defining relative clauses when the pronoun is not the subject
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and that happens when there is something between the pronoun and the verb now I have to apologize
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in advance because this slide is a mess it was created in the computer and then transferred to
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the phone so that I could record this video, but it got messy on the way, but let's go at it,
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whatever. So here we have four examples and three of them we have already seen, okay? Example number
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one, the book which I read last night kept me awake for hours. If we take away the pronoun,
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the sentence is still correct
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because as you can see
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between the pronoun and the verb
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there was the other pronoun, I
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The book I read last night kept me awake for hours
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In Spanish
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En castellano esto no se puede hacer
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No podemos quitar el pronombre
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Aunque en inglés no aparezca
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En castellano esto sigue siendo
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El libro que me leí anoche
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me mantuvo despierto durante horas
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No, ese que no puede desaparecer. Por esto, por eso, esto nos resulta un poco lioso a los hispanohablantes.
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Next example. Did you pass the test that many students failed?
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Again, between that and failed, we have many students, so many students is the subject.
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Therefore, that can be eliminated. Did you pass the test many students failed?
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next example the girl who I'm dating is studying economics here we have a personal pronoun who and
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another personal pronoun then next I so I is the subject of I'm dating the girl I'm dating
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is studying economics as I say in Spanish this couldn't happen in Spanish it would still be
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La chica con la que estoy saliendo o la chica que estoy viendo está estudiando económicas.
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And finally, the Maluma example.
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Maluma is giving a concert on the night when I am planning her surprise birthday,
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my sister's surprise birthday, so that I is the subject of I'm planning and therefore when can disappear.
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Maluma is giving a concert on the night I am planning her surprise birthday
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party actually we can say when I am planning on the night I am planning and
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we can also say on the night that I am planning okay now that is all for now so
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don't forget to do the exercises for practice the solutions are going to be
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on the aula virtual in short i'm having a lot of problems with my computer and it's taking me much
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longer than usual so i apologize for that but they will be um they will be up this week so
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keep an eye on it and remember that you can ask me any questions that which you may have
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either on the private chat or on the group chat or with an email or finding me at school okay
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so i will see you soon in class bye
00:24:42
- Idioma/s:
- Autor/es:
- Rael Hernández
- Subido por:
- Rael H.
- Licencia:
- Reconocimiento - No comercial - Compartir igual
- Visualizaciones:
- 198
- Fecha:
- 9 de marzo de 2021 - 10:29
- Visibilidad:
- Público
- Centro:
- IES JOAQUIN RODRIGO
- Duración:
- 24′ 49″
- Relación de aspecto:
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- Tamaño:
- 63.78 MBytes
