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2º ESO/FIRST PARLIAMENTS - Contenido educativo

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Subido el 29 de noviembre de 2020 por Alicia M.

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Modern Parliament contains the House of Commons and the House of Lords. 00:00:00
The Lords is a throwback to Magna Carta. 00:00:10
The Great Charter gave the barons the right to give the king advice. 00:00:13
But what about the Commons? 00:00:18
Well, as the name suggests, it's not noblemen who sit in the House of Commons, 00:00:22
but commoners, which means people who aren't of noble birth. 00:00:27
So when did commoners first get to sit in this, 00:00:31
the greatest council in the land? 00:00:34
Well, the answer is that commoners first entered Parliament 00:00:37
in the century after Magna Carta, 00:00:42
in the reigns of Henry III and, most importantly, Edward I. 00:00:45
And the reason Edward brought commoners into Parliament 00:00:51
was that he needed the people of England on his side 00:00:55
to help pay for his wars. 00:00:58
War was a constant in medieval life. 00:01:01
Edward conquered Wales and tried to conquer Scotland. 00:01:09
His heirs spent a century at war with the kings of France, 00:01:14
the Hundred Years' War. 00:01:17
That's what these people are re-enacting here. 00:01:20
War is costly, not just in terms of human life, 00:01:24
but literally costly. 00:01:28
The war horses, the weapons, the armour, 00:01:29
mail shirts for the foot soldiers, arrows for the bowmen. 00:01:32
Kings of England needed cash to pay for all this. 00:01:36
Much of the cost of war was met by the barons, 00:01:40
as it always had been in the days of the Norman kings. 00:01:49
Soldiers still served in the colours of their local lord. 00:01:53
But the cost of war had soared. 00:01:57
And since Magna Carta, kings had found it harder and harder 00:02:01
to squeeze the barons for more. 00:02:04
And so they had to raise taxes, to pass the burden onto the people of England. 00:02:07
But for that, they needed their consent. 00:02:13
They needed the people on their side. 00:02:16
So who were the people kings looked to to fund their wars? 00:02:20
To answer that question, I've come to Stokesy Castle in Shropshire. 00:02:27
This place wasn't built by some rampaging baron. 00:02:32
This land was bought in the reign of Edward I 00:02:37
by a man called Lawrence of Ludlow, and he was a wool merchant. 00:02:39
He'd made his money in trade. 00:02:43
So for the first time, we've got people in England with property, 00:02:44
with influence, who weren't of noble blood. 00:02:47
Lawrence built the Great Hall, 00:02:50
and he got a licence from the king to add those crenellations, 00:02:52
those castle-like defences to the tower. 00:02:55
Not that he needed defending. 00:02:58
He wasn't at war, but it was the upmarket thing to do. 00:02:59
He was basically just showing off. 00:03:02
across 13th century england a new class had emerged the knights and squires of the countryside 00:03:04
some like lawrence had made their money in trade and farming others were descended from the knights 00:03:16
and squires of the conquest now they lived in manor houses in the countryside they'd intermarried 00:03:23
with saxon women till the distinction between norman and saxon was blurred local peasants 00:03:30
worked their lands. They had status, influence, cash. And it was these men Edward I wanted 00:03:36
to help pay for his wars. I'll give you an example. The year is 1290, and Edward needed 00:03:46
£116,000 to complete his conquest of Wales, a fortune in those days. And so he called 00:04:02
a parliament. But first he just called the lords. And from April until July, they sat 00:04:09
in Westminster, advising the king and debating this and that, but they failed to debate the 00:04:14
one thing he really wanted, the money for his little Welsh war. And so Edward called 00:04:19
to Westminster the commons of the realm, the knights and the squires and the justices of 00:04:24
the peace and the burgesses and the mayors of the towns and the leading merchants, men 00:04:31
like Lawrence of Ludlow. And they came to London, frankly, flattered to be involved 00:04:36
in the process of government. 00:04:41
The king dressed up his need for money 00:04:45
as a kind of patriotic crusade, 00:04:48
putting the Welsh in their place. 00:04:51
And the local gents were all too happy to pass his tax. 00:04:54
They were chuffed to be asked. 00:04:58
And they trotted home to the shires 00:05:00
to explain how everyone should pay their tax with pride. 00:05:01
And everyone was happy, except the Welsh. 00:05:05
It wasn't democracy. 00:05:09
but it was to an extent rule by consent 00:05:14
and people who weren't of noble birth 00:05:17
were inside Parliament giving advice, voting taxes 00:05:20
yet another small but significant step 00:05:23
along the timeline of history. 00:05:26
Subido por:
Alicia M.
Licencia:
Dominio público
Visualizaciones:
77
Fecha:
29 de noviembre de 2020 - 12:32
Visibilidad:
Público
Centro:
IES LA SENDA
Duración:
05′ 30″
Relación de aspecto:
1.83:1
Resolución:
640x350 píxeles
Tamaño:
52.22 MBytes

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