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ANCIENT GREECE - Contenido educativo

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Subido el 21 de noviembre de 2021 por Alicia M.

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Ancient Greece is, along with Christianity, the birthplace of Western culture. 00:00:00
Its history is divided into four periods, the Dark Ages, Archaic Period, Classical Period, and the Hellenistic Period. 00:00:06
Greek civilization originates from the Cretan or Minoan civilization of the island of Crete and the Mycenaean, in the city of Mycenae. 00:00:15
The Cretans had already built palaces such as the Palace of Knossos, with large rooms, 00:00:24
monumental staircases, gardens and warehouses dedicated to the legendary king Minos. 00:00:31
As for the Mycenaean culture, it was located in the centre and south of the Greek peninsula. 00:00:38
They are also noted for being great builders. 00:00:44
The most important archaeological site is Mycenae, with the Lion Gate. 00:00:47
These early Greeks formed the first advanced culture, with the origins of written Greek 00:00:52
language. The script was recently named Linear B. The Mycenaean economy was very structured 00:00:58
and depended on the trade of products, such as oil, wool, wine, and slaves. They are considered 00:01:04
the direct ancestors of the Greeks. When the Mycenaean civilization collapsed, 00:01:11
we entered the Dark Ages. It is so called because of the few sources and documents 00:01:17
that have been found from this period. This period ran from about 1200 to 776 BC. 00:01:22
The Dark Ages in the Greek world meant the transition from bronze to iron age technology, 00:01:30
the transition from the pre-Hellenic to the Hellenic. It encompasses what happened during 00:01:36
the centuries that separate the decomposition of the Mycenaean world and the birth of the 00:01:42
Hellenic world. At the end of the Dark Ages, the Archaic Age began from 776 to around 499 BC. 00:01:47
This was a time when the Greeks needed more land and managed to expand their territories. 00:01:56
The Greek tribes settled in mainland Greece and the Aegean Islands in the first instance, 00:02:01
eventually conquering Asia Minor, southern Italy and Sicily, known as Magna Graecia. 00:02:07
These Indo-European tribes spoke different variants of the future Greek language, 00:02:14
which was related to the Mycenaean language. 00:02:19
These peoples were the Ascians, Ionians, Dorians, Aeolians, Arcadians. 00:02:22
In the Archaic era, the nobility took power from the kings 00:02:29
and the different state cities or polis were formed. 00:02:33
Athens, Thebes, Sparta, Corinth, Argos. 00:02:37
The need to find new land, population growth and social conflicts led them to seek new 00:02:41
independent colonies, both in the East and the West. 00:02:48
This spurred a huge economic take-off. 00:02:53
Aspects that favoured colonisation were the emergence of the Greek hoplite or infantry 00:02:56
soldier, the progressive use of the trireme, a three-row vessel with more agile oars than 00:03:01
the Phoenician vessels, and the introduction of currency for commercial transactions. 00:03:06
In the decision to found new colonies, as well as in the choice of their location, the 00:03:11
Oracle of Delphi, which we will talk about later, played a pivotal role. 00:03:16
In this way, Greek culture expanded. 00:03:21
Even if they were independent state cities that sometimes fought each other, there was 00:03:25
a sense of belonging to the same common culture and a sense of unity as they shared the same 00:03:29
language, and had the same gods and beliefs, and met at the same celebrations. The Romans called 00:03:34
the inhabitants of ancient Greece Greeks, although they called themselves Hellenes, 00:03:40
with the name Hellas being used to describe the territory in which they settled. 00:03:45
After the Archaic era came the Classical Age, 499 BC to 323 BC. During this period, 00:03:51
the Greco-Persian Wars, which saw a league of Greek peoples fighting against the fearsome 00:04:00
Persian Empire, occurred. It all started when the Ionian cities of Greece and Asia Minor 00:04:04
rebelled against Persian rule. Soon, the other Hellenic cities formed a military confederation 00:04:11
against a Persian army under the command of King Darius I, starting the first Greco-Persian War, 00:04:17
which ended in a Greek victory. The war resumed in 480 BC under the orders of King Xerxes, 00:04:23
son of Darius. The Greek allies with Sparta and Athens at the helm managed to defeat the 00:04:31
Persian Empire again. Famous Greek victories were those in Salamis and Plataea. Also of note was 00:04:37
the Spartan heroic defence of the Thermopylae Gorge, led by King Leonidas. The fate, not only 00:04:44
of Greece but of western civilization had been played out over a series of decisive days. 00:04:50
Athens began a golden era under the rule of Pericles that changed the western world. 00:04:56
However, Sparta soon sought to free itself from Athenian power. 00:05:01
The Spartans and the Athenians, former allies, began a long war called the Peloponnesian War, 00:05:07
which concluded with the defeat of the Athenians and the new supremacy of Sparta. 00:05:13
However, there would soon be a new renaissance of Athens following the weakening of Sparta 00:05:18
after its war against Thebes. 00:05:24
In this last period, the Hellenistic, 323-30 BC, Alexander, son of King Philip II of Macedon, 00:05:26
inherited and defeated Greece from his father, and ended up subduing the entire Persian Empire. 00:05:35
His conquests created a vast empire from Egypt to India, helping to spread Greek culture 00:05:42
throughout the Mediterranean and much of the east. From around 200 BC, the Romans began to seize all 00:05:48
the areas colonized by the Greeks, eventually taking the last of the kingdoms of the successors 00:05:55
of Alexander's empire, the Kingdom of the Ptolemaic Dynasty in Egypt, with Cleopatra as their last 00:06:00
iconic leader. After the defeat of Cleopatra and Mark Antony in 31 BC by Octavian troops, 00:06:06
the Romans would eventually absorb much of the heritage of Greek culture. 00:06:13
The forms of government in the Greek cities were very different. 00:06:19
The best known and most influential models were those of Sparta and Athens. 00:06:22
Sparta represented a warrior people with great military preparation. 00:06:27
It was rigid and austere. 00:06:31
For a long time, there was a diarchy, 00:06:34
a form of government in which two kings belonging to the great Spartan families ruled over the people. 00:06:36
Sparta's contribution to culture is poorer than that of the Athenian culture. 00:06:42
Athens was the most important city. 00:06:47
It was a city with a port that thrived on commerce. 00:06:49
The name of the city comes from the goddess Athena. 00:06:55
Athens means sons of Athena. 00:06:58
According to Greek mythology, Athena was Zeus's daughter. 00:07:00
Athena is the goddess of wisdom, but she is also a protective and combatant goddess. 00:07:04
She is usually depicted with an owl. 00:07:09
In Athens was born the political system that we now know as democracy, 00:07:12
the government of the people, the most perfect form of government, 00:07:17
although the Athenian system differs in many respects from which that we know today. 00:07:21
It was Pericles who laid the foundations for this democratic government, 00:07:27
but in previous centuries the work of legislators such as Solon 00:07:30
and tyrants such as Pisistratus and Clisthenes 00:07:35
made it possible for Athenian citizens to participate in political tasks. 00:07:38
The Acropolis of Athens housed the city's treasure and various temples for religious rites and altars for offerings. 00:07:45
She was honoured in the Parthenon. 00:07:53
The Parthenon in Athens was ordered to be rebuilt by Pericles, 00:07:55
as the Persians swept through the ancient Acropolis in the Second Greco-Persian War. 00:07:59
It was constructed as a thank you from the city to the gods for their ultimate victory. 00:08:04
The architects were Ictinus and Callicrates, who were under the command of the Athenian architect and sculptor Phidias, 00:08:09
creator of the sculptural decoration and the great Chryso-Elephantine statue of the goddess Athena Parthenos, 00:08:17
which, every year, was showered with offerings. 00:08:24
An example is the Panathenaia. 00:08:28
This procession crossed the city. It began in the Agora and ascended to the Acropolis. 00:08:30
During this festival, a dress known as peplos was offered to Athena. 00:08:35
The Agora in Athens was the center of political, administrative, commercial, and social activity. 00:08:41
Apart from the Acropolis, there were other kinds of sacred enclosures. 00:08:48
These were the shrines. 00:08:53
A shrine was a Panhellenic enclosure. 00:08:55
Therefore, its financing, unlike the Acropolis, depended on the entire Greek world. 00:08:58
The Sanctuary of Delphi was the most important in the world. It was dedicated to the god Apollo. 00:09:04
In it was the Oracle. The Oracle of Apollo in Delphi became a really important institution 00:09:11
in Greece. When asked, a priestess, called a Pythoness, went into a trance and uttered 00:09:18
mumbled words that a priest then gave coherence to in the form of proverbs. The one who sought 00:09:24
advice drew from him a prediction which could be interpreted in many ways the oracle never failed 00:09:30
what could fail was the prediction pilgrims from all over greece and even foreigners approached 00:09:38
delphi to consult the oracle which played a very important role in the founding of new colonies 00:09:44
or in matters of war another famous shrine is the shrine located in olympia it was dedicated 00:09:49
to the gods' use. The Olympic Games was held every four years at this shrine. The Olympic 00:09:56
Games served not only to honor the gods, but to bring the different Hellenic peoples closer 00:10:02
together. During the competition, a truce was enacted, allowing athletes to travel safely 00:10:07
from their homes to Olympia. The Olympic Games in ancient Greece were quite different from modern 00:10:13
ones. There were fewer events, and only free men who spoke Greek could compete. 00:10:18
The Greeks competed in the discipline of running races, wrestling, discus throwing, javelin, jumping, horse racing, and other tests. 00:10:22
The prize was a crown of olive branches and recognition in their home city. 00:10:33
Poets often made them celebrities, and this enabled them to live the rest of their lives at the expense of the treasury. 00:10:38
The first Olympic Games are believed to have been held in 776 BC, a date that marks the beginning of the Archaic Era. 00:10:45
Some of the Greek gods had already appeared at this point. 00:10:54
The Greeks believed in a pantheon of 12 gods who, according to mythology, lived on Mount Olympus. 00:10:57
It all started when Uranus committed incest with his mother Gaia, Mother Earth. 00:11:03
From this incest came the first Cyclops and then the Titans. 00:11:09
from the titans the gods arose these legends and myths are the foundation and basis of greek 00:11:12
culture the adventures of the gods are narrated among other sources in the theogony of hesiod 00:11:21
and in the epic writings of the poet homer in the iliad and the odyssey the iliad recounts 00:11:27
the destruction of troy a confederation of ascians including ulysses and achilles set out for troy 00:11:35
as the Trojan prince Paris had kidnapped the beautiful Helen of Sparta. 00:11:42
For ten years, the Greeks besieged the city. 00:11:48
Hector of Troy, brother of Paris, unleashed the anger of Achilles 00:11:51
after killing his dear friend Patroclus. 00:11:54
Achilles ends up killing Hector. 00:11:58
The fate of the battle changed when Ulysses hatched a very effective plan 00:12:00
to build a great wooden horse and to ride his best warriors inside. 00:12:05
The Trojans, believing that it was an offering, 00:12:09
allowed the horse to pass its walls. A huge mistake! Finally, Troy falls. In the Odyssey, 00:12:12
Ulysses, known as Odysseus, after his battle in the Trojan War, returns to Ithaca, his home. 00:12:21
The Odyssey recounts a hard journey back, full of dangerous adventures. The date of the composition 00:12:29
of the Iliad and the Odyssey is controversial. The majority opinion places it in the second half 00:12:34
of the 8th century BC. There are even those who dispute the authorship of these classics. 00:12:40
It was even thought that Troy never existed until its discovery in the 19th century 00:12:47
by Heinrich Schliemann. The events in Troy, however, date back long before Homer. They go 00:12:51
back to the early Dark Ages. It seems, therefore, that the Homeric poems are the product of an oral 00:12:58
tradition transmitted through generations. The history of Greece begins with the legend of Troy. 00:13:03
The Greeks also produced great plays, where an entire artificial world was built to represent 00:13:10
human life. Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides created great tragedies. These authors are from 00:13:16
the Classical Era, the time of a more splendid Ancient Greece. They were performed in the 00:13:24
theatre. Greek theatre originated in an open-air circular space called an orchestra, in which a 00:13:29
A wide variety of activities were performed, from artistic performances, dances, recitations 00:13:36
and musical pieces, to civic and religious events. 00:13:42
Greek theatres were supported by a natural slope to build the stalls. 00:13:47
The ancient Greeks are also considered the forerunners of today's Western thought, 00:13:54
a way of thinking that uses reason and arguments and one that values logic and reason as the 00:13:59
most valuable tools. 00:14:05
To understand Greek philosophy, you have to know the philosophy of three figures that 00:14:07
have determined Western thought to this day – Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. Socrates 00:14:11
lived in the time of Pericles. The earlier thinkers are called pre-Socratic, like the 00:14:18
mathematician Pythagoras. Socrates' disciple was Plato, and Plato's disciple was Aristotle. 00:14:24
Aristotle witnessed the rise of Macedonia and was the instructor of Alexander the Great. 00:14:31
The harmony of proportions and the representation of the human figure were the central elements in Hellenic art. 00:14:40
To study Greek art, it is important to distinguish between archaic, classical, and Hellenistic periods. 00:14:47
The most noteworthy buildings are religious temples, such as the Parthenon, which were adjusted to certain proportions. 00:14:55
They could be one of the three main styles or orders, Doric, Ionic, or Corinthian. 00:15:03
Sculpture is another example of beauty and proportions. 00:15:09
The most important Greek sculptors were Thidius, creator of the sculptural work of the parting, 00:15:13
Praxiteles, creator of Hermes of Olympia, with his famous Praxitelian curve, 00:15:19
Myron, who created the famous Discobolus, 00:15:25
and Polyclitos, who wrote a treatise called Canon, 00:15:28
and is the creator of the Doriforus, his most outstanding sculpture. 00:15:32
Although there are not many samples of painting in Greek art, 00:15:37
there are samples of ceramics, on which are depicted scenes from literary epics and daily life. 00:15:41
We have therefore seen the importance of ancient Greece, 00:15:59
which was hugely influential in our culture, 00:16:02
in terms of language, politics, education systems, philosophy, science and the arts. 00:16:04
Also, Greek culture, and by extension, Roman culture, 00:16:11
had an important boom in later periods, such as the Renaissance and the Neoclassical period. 00:16:15
Subido por:
Alicia M.
Licencia:
Dominio público
Visualizaciones:
187
Fecha:
21 de noviembre de 2021 - 12:29
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Centro:
IES LA SENDA
Duración:
16′ 48″
Relación de aspecto:
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