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Pollution in Madrid: Comparison 2019-2020
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Presentation on a research project on pollution levels in Madrid during the Estado de Alarma and a comparison with those of 2019.
Good afternoon, I'm Alejandra Cituno Pedraza, and today I'm going to give you a presentation on my project, Pollution in Madrid, a comparison between the data from 2019 and 2020 during the Estado de Alarma period.
00:00:01
To begin with, I'll tell you about the index of this presentation.
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Firstly, I'll start talking about the problem I recognized.
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Secondly, I will keep on talking about my hypothesis.
00:00:25
Later on, I will talk about my experiment, explaining the tools used, and the methodology.
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In fourth place, I'll explain the analysis of the results, showing you the data and graphs
00:00:36
obtained.
00:00:41
After that, I will show you the conclusions obtained, which include comparisons with last
00:00:43
year's values and the reality of the situation.
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And finally, I will talk about what should we do from now on, and I'll show you the
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bibliography used. Now, I'll start talking about the recognized problem. As it's
00:00:56
widely known, pollution is a huge problem in big cities, like for example, Barcelona
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or Madrid. In Spain, there were more than 10,000 deaths every year due to
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pollution, and in total, 4.2 million people have died all around the world
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due to this problem yearly. There are several pollutants, but the most
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dangerous ones are the following. PM2.5 and PM10 particles, whose names
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come from their size in microus, cause generalized health problems. Ozone causes
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respiratory problems. Nitrogen dioxide increases defects of asthma, and sulfur
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dioxide, respiratory and eye problems. As all of us know, the world has been in
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trouble since the 17th of November 2019, when the first COVID-19 patient was
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diagnosed in China. On the 31st of January 2020, the first COVID-19 patient
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was diagnosed in Spain, in La Gomera Island. On the 11th of March 2020, the World Health
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Organization declared COVID-19 as a pandemic, and on the 14th of March 2020, we've been in
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estado de alarma situation in Spain. COVID-19, a highly infectious disease that has spread all
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over the world forced the Spanish government to declare the Estado de Alarma, creating a lockdown
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situation all across the country. Everything stopped. Cars, industries reduced their capacities,
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commerce and even mobility were reduced, and teleworking was widely implemented.
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This has left us with some images like the following ones. Some of them, the black and
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white ones, are from a photography collection in Reina Sofia Museum and the others from local
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newspapers. So this is where my hypothesis has to be stated. I definitely think that pollution might
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have lowered a lot due to the decrease of transit and economic activity now i'll talk about my
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experiment the tools i used were several spreadsheet documents and madrid's council
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air quality portal and the followed methodology was the following i took day-by-day data from
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three stations next to my neighborhood three times a day on rush hours 9 a.m 2 p.m and 9 p.m
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then i introduced this data in the spreadsheet document and i compared this with the one from
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last year at this time period and this is the analysis of the results where you can see in
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more detail. The data and the graphs much on if you are interested as it is
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uploaded on the aula virtual. These graphs are from Parque Enrique Tierno Galvan
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which correspond with Mendez Alvaro station in Madrid's council air quality
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portal. This is the nitrogen dioxide graph in Enrique Tierno Galvan park and this is the
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average comparison of nitrogen dioxide during the years 2019 and 2020, where a decrease
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of 44% can be seen.
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This is the PM2.5 graph of Enrique Tierno Galván Park.
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And here, in this comparison between the years 2019 and 2020, an increase of 12% can be seen
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in PM2.5 values.
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This might be because in 2019, there were much less measurements due to technical problems.
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This one shows the values of PM10 particles in the Wikipedia Level 1 part.
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From the 2019 and 2020 average values of PM10 particles, a decrease of 6.6% can be seen.
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The following graphs correspond to the data obtained from Barclay, which corresponds to
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registration in Madrid's council air quality portal.
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This is the nitrogen dioxide comparison graph.
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Comparing the averages of both years, we can see that in 2020, there was a 41% less nitrogen
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dioxide impact than in 2020.
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This is the ozone levels graph, and the averages comparison of both years shows a decrease
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of 7% in ozone levels.
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And finally, here we have the data from Casa de Campo, which corresponds to Casa de Campo
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station in Madrid's air quality portal.
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This is the sulfur dioxide graph.
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And this is a comparison of the averages of the levels of sulfur dioxide of 2019 and 2020,
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where we can see an increase of a 16.6%
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in the levels in Casa de Campo.
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On this slide, we can see the levels of nitrogen dioxide
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in Casa de Campo.
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Nitrogen dioxide levels were reduced in 46.5% during 2020.
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Here we can see the PM2.5 particles levels.
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We can also see here that PM2.5 particles decreased in a 2% during 2020.
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This is the graph of PM10 particles.
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On this slide, we can see that the levels of PM10 particles decreased by 9% during 2020.
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This graph shows the ozone levels in Casa de Campo.
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And finally, on this slide, we can see the aritest comparisons of ozone in Casa de Campo.
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In 2020, there was a 21.6% less ozone in Casa de Campo.
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And now, the conclusions.
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I decided to check the average difference of each pollutant between 2019 and 2020.
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During 2019, the average NO2 values were around a 27.4 micrograms per cubic meter, which is
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very low compared to the WHO healthy limit of 40 micrograms per cubic meter each hour.
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But on 2020, we had around a 15.48 micrograms per cubic meter, which means a decrease of 43.53%
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percent compared to the values of 2019. Something similar happens with ozone
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levels in which we could see on 2019 an average of around 66.55 micrograms
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per cubic meter which is down below the 100 micrograms per cubic meter per
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hours that the WHO sets as its healthy limit. On the other hand, during 2020
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there was a decrease of a 14.57%, meaning this a 56.86 micrograms per cubic meters in average.
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During the year 2019, sulfur dioxide values remained at around 4.3 micrograms per cubic
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meter. During 2020, these values increased, meaning around 5.03 micrograms per cubic meter.
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having increased by 16.60%.
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Still, this is higher than the 20 micrograms per cubic meter per hour established by the WHO as a help.
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During 2019, the average levels of PM2.5 particles were around 6.31 micrograms per cubic meter.
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During 2020, this amount raised by 4.87%, meaning a total of 6.62 micrograms per cubic meter.
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which is still below the 10 micrograms per cubic meter per hour limit of PM2.5 particles set by the WHO as healthy.
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Talking about PM10 particles, we can see that in 2019, there was an average level of these particles at about 11.05 micrograms per cubic meter.
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During 2020, these values were decreased by 7.85%, ending up with around 10.18 micrograms
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per cubic meter.
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These values were both still below the 20 micrograms per cubic meter per hour set by
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the home limit.
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In order to try to understand how much pollution had decreased during this time period, I decided
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to do an average of all the values that I got through this process and I decided to compare
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them with the ones from 2019. I got that the average level of pollutants during this last year
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was around 23.128 micrograms per cubic meter, while during this same period of 2020
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we could find a decrease of an 18.57%,
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which left us with an average of 18.834 micrograms per cubic meter.
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But in reality, what happens is that the WHO
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limits are high above the real values that endanger people's well-being and
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health, but it is not possible to reduce them
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for now due to country's legislation. So still, these values have to be lowered.
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So, what should we do from now on? I personally think that the biggest solution is in improving
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R&D, since with that, we could find more efficient methods of transport,
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industries and methods of consumption of renewable sources of energy. Examples could be the
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development of better and more affordable electric vehicles such as electric cars,
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electric motorbikes, and even electric airplanes.
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Better and more affordable renewable sources of energy and reducing the consumption of plastics.
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In short, change your lives.
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And finally, this is the bibliography used.
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This is the end of my presentation.
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Thank you for your attention.
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- Subido por:
- Alejandro A.
- Moderado por el profesor:
- Ismail Ali Gago (ismail.ali)
- Licencia:
- Todos los derechos reservados
- Visualizaciones:
- 13
- Fecha:
- 2 de junio de 2020 - 20:34
- Visibilidad:
- Público
- Centro:
- IES CERVANTES
- Duración:
- 14′ 54″
- Relación de aspecto:
- 1.78:1
- Resolución:
- 1920x1080 píxeles
- Tamaño:
- 279.44 MBytes
