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Destination Tomorrow - Episode 18

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Subido el 28 de mayo de 2007 por EducaMadrid

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NASA Destination Tomorrow video containing four segments as described below. NASA Destination Tomorrow segment describing the different parts of NASA missions to prepare for the exploration of space. NASA Destination Tomorrow segment beginning with a look at NASA history. The segment next describes the robotic missions to Mars and discusses some of the concerns with space travel. NASA Destination Tomorrow segment explaining the challenges that astronauts face with prolonged exposure to the space environment. This segment also explores issues such as radiation, gravity, duration of missions and food supply. NASA Destination Tomorrow segment explaining the challenges that astronauts face with living and working on other planets.

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Coming up on Destination Tomorrow, we take a look at NASA's new plan for space exploration. 00:00:30
We'll find out about some of the robotic missions that will lead the way for our astronauts. 00:00:43
And we will talk about some of the challenges of getting to and staying on other worlds. 00:00:48
All this and more next on Destination Tomorrow. 00:00:52
Hello everyone. 00:01:03
I'm Steele McGonigal. 00:01:04
And I'm Kara O'Brien. 00:01:05
Welcome to this special edition of Destination Tomorrow. 00:01:06
On this episode, we'll be focusing on NASA's new exploration plans to travel to the Moon, 00:01:09
Mars and beyond. 00:01:13
In recent months, NASA planners have been preparing for a new initiative that will set 00:01:15
a pioneering vision for NASA's exploration programs. 00:01:19
To prepare for this vision, NASA researchers are developing a step-by-step process that 00:01:22
will enable us to reach this goal in a safe and economical way. 00:01:26
First by using robotic missions as a testbed, then gradually moving into human missions, 00:01:30
NASA is paving the way for a human presence on other worlds in the next few decades. 00:01:35
This new NASA vision will help us carry on the basic human desire to explore. 00:01:40
From the earliest discoverers to our modern travelers, every step taken from the known 00:01:44
into the unknown has helped to feed this exploration instinct. 00:01:48
One of the most important agencies ever formed to help meet this need is NASA, or the National 00:01:52
Aeronautics and Space Administration. 00:01:58
Obviously, exploration has been one of the cornerstones of the NASA mission throughout 00:02:00
its existence. 00:02:04
Over the years, the talented men and women of NASA have changed our world for the better, 00:02:05
making exciting discoveries that have not only furthered the space program, but have 00:02:11
also transformed our daily lives here on Earth. 00:02:15
In fact, for every dollar NASA spends in space, at least seven dollars is returned 00:02:17
to the public by way of inventions and discoveries. 00:02:22
This investment return can be seen in everyday technologies, ranging from cordless power 00:02:26
tools, cancer research, to weather prediction. 00:02:31
Over 30,000 inventions and discoveries have been made as a direct result of NASA's involvement. 00:02:33
Although NASA has done a great job pushing the envelope of exploration in space and back 00:02:40
here on Earth, there is still much more that needs to be done. 00:02:44
Even with great public support to reach our exploration goals, few people understand the 00:02:48
challenges we'll face in getting to other worlds. 00:02:52
To help us better understand the technical and environmental problems we'll encounter, 00:02:54
researchers will first plan to test the waters by increasing our robotic presence throughout 00:02:59
the universe. 00:03:03
These robotic missions will expand our knowledge base and help us focus training that will 00:03:04
prepare humans for the next step of exploration. 00:03:08
Now to help us understand how this will work, Jennifer Pulley spoke with Mark Saunders at 00:03:11
NASA Langley Research Center to find out more. 00:03:15
The history of the space program is very impressive. 00:03:22
Since its beginnings in 1958, NASA has grown to be one of the most revolutionary agencies 00:03:26
in recorded history. 00:03:31
With President Kennedy's goal to reach the moon by the end of the 1960s, I believe that 00:03:33
this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal before this decade is out of landing 00:03:38
a man on the moon and returning him safely to the Earth. 00:03:45
And with the backing of the American public, technologies that would have seemed impossible 00:03:49
in earlier years were being developed and perfected in record time. 00:03:53
This drive and determination has never left the agency. 00:03:58
Today, a new generation of researchers are gearing up for the next big step. 00:04:02
Crewed missions back to the moon, to Mars, and beyond. 00:04:07
However, major challenges await. 00:04:11
Questions of crew safety, medical concerns, the need for new technology development, and 00:04:14
a host of other issues make this goal very daunting. 00:04:19
To lead the way, robotic missions are being planned that can give researchers a better 00:04:23
idea of what human crews can expect in space. 00:04:28
I spoke with Mark Saunders at NASA Langley Research Center to help us understand how 00:04:31
these robotic missions will work. 00:04:36
Our robotic missions are actually precursors to what it is that we're trying to accomplish 00:04:38
with humans. 00:04:42
They're the probes that we're sending out to help us understand what it is that we're 00:04:43
getting to when we send people there. 00:04:48
They're testing new systems, collecting data about what's actually happening on the planet's 00:04:51
surface as well as the atmosphere. 00:04:57
We want to make sure that we understand this to the maximum extent so that we're always 00:05:00
sending humans in a safe way. 00:05:07
So, Mark, what is the definition of a robotic mission? 00:05:09
People think of robots in many different ways, and those of us in the agency actually do 00:05:13
that as well. 00:05:18
We're making spacecraft, you know, as an example, the Hubble Space Telescope is a robotic spacecraft. 00:05:19
It's actually very smart, but we talk to it a lot with people on the ground that kind 00:05:26
of tell it what to do on a periodic basis, usually in terms of minutes. 00:05:31
But as you get robots that are going farther out into the solar system, they need to really 00:05:36
operate a lot on their own because it takes a long time for us to talk to them, so radio 00:05:42
waves go out there and it's hours before we hear back from them. 00:05:47
So they're actually operating pretty much by themselves. 00:05:50
What can we expect from robotic missions in the next few years? 00:05:53
As all of us have been watching, the Mars Exploration Rovers have been doing a great 00:05:57
job on Mars, Cassini is at Saturn with its Huygens probe. 00:06:02
We're planning the next series of missions, both for scientific purposes as well as to 00:06:09
prepare us to send people on to the moon and then on to Mars. 00:06:15
The first of these planned robotic missions will be going back to the moon. 00:06:21
The goal is to have these robots pave the way for humans by mapping the lunar surface, 00:06:25
surveying potential landing sites, and searching for water ice. 00:06:31
Now tapping into water ice could be very important because human explorers could not only convert 00:06:36
it into oxygen and hydrogen for breathing, but they could also use the gases to produce 00:06:41
rocket propellant for future missions to Mars. 00:06:47
In short, these robotic missions will allow NASA planners to design the needed equipment 00:06:50
for astronauts to live and work on the moon, while also helping them prepare for future 00:06:56
missions to Mars. 00:07:00
One of our biggest concerns is always making sure that our missions are as reasonably safe 00:07:02
as possible for the human, as the human participates in it. 00:07:07
So when we send out robotic missions to the moon and to Mars, we're trying to understand 00:07:12
what the moon and Mars represent in terms of their environmental conditions, what they're 00:07:17
made of, are there any elements there both in the atmosphere on Mars or on the surface 00:07:22
or on the surface of the moon that might have some toxic properties, and as well as their 00:07:29
physical characteristics, their composition, so that we understand when we build a human 00:07:35
spacecraft to go with humans in it, that the system that we send is compatible with the 00:07:40
environment that it's going to be in. 00:07:46
So that's one major point. 00:07:48
The second point is that, like the explorers of old, to the degree that we can use resources 00:07:50
that we find, we want to be able to use those resources to help sustain them. 00:07:56
And doing this, by the way, reduces the cost. 00:08:00
So although it may cost us some to develop the technologies now, when we go, if they 00:08:03
don't have to take stuff, it's, you know, we don't have to pay to get it off the surface, 00:08:09
and we're not paying to get water off the surface, if we can find water there. 00:08:14
So is most of the technology already developed? 00:08:18
Technology is actually the key to what it is that we're trying to do. 00:08:21
New technologies will enable us to be more efficient in how we go, allow us to actually 00:08:24
take lighter weight systems, cheaper systems, more reliable, safer systems, so that the 00:08:31
overall cost to the American taxpayer is dramatically less than the Apollo program. 00:08:39
We've discussed going to the moon, going to Mars. 00:08:44
What other destinations do you foresee for robotic missions? 00:08:46
Obviously, asteroids. 00:08:50
And everybody's familiar with asteroids. 00:08:52
We certainly have quite a few disaster movies around them. 00:08:53
But there are a lot of scientists and engineers who believe that asteroids have the potential 00:08:57
for resources that we might actually mine and use. 00:09:02
And so one other destination are asteroids. 00:09:06
What's your strategy? 00:09:15
What our strategy is, is to begin to make small steps towards the moon, to Mars, and 00:09:23
then on to destinations beyond that. 00:09:30
So we're going to gradually, over the next decades, push our human exploration beyond 00:09:32
the boundaries as our robotic explorers find out new things about what's interesting 00:09:38
out there. 00:09:43
Coming up, we'll find out about some of the major challenges facing astronauts on 00:09:48
long-duration missions. 00:09:52
But first, did you know a special robot is being designed to work primarily outside a 00:09:53
spacecraft on extravehicular activities, or EVAs? 00:09:58
The Robonaut will not be autonomous. 00:10:01
Astronauts inside the spacecraft will use virtual reality display technology to visually 00:10:04
immerse themselves in the robot's workspace while remaining safe inside the spacecraft. 00:10:08
As we all know, traveling into space, even on short missions, is a very difficult endeavor. 00:10:18
But the complexity increases dramatically when planning for missions that last for months 00:10:23
or years at a time. 00:10:27
With current predictions of crewed travel to Mars lasting at least three years, NASA 00:10:29
researchers must find a way to prepare our astronauts for long missions. 00:10:33
To help us understand some of the challenges future astronauts will face, Tonya St. Romain 00:10:38
spoke with Orlando Figueroa at NASA Headquarters to find out more. 00:10:42
Since the early 1960s, the general public has accepted space travel as almost commonplace. 00:10:50
Moon missions, shuttle flights, and trips to the International Space Station have helped 00:10:56
us learn about the challenges of traveling into space. 00:11:01
But with new exploration missions to Mars and beyond, different and possibly even more 00:11:04
challenging problems will need to be overcome. 00:11:09
Just the journey to Mars will require a new way of thinking about space flight. 00:11:12
New vehicles need to be developed, and the crew's physiological concerns such as radiation 00:11:17
exposure, bone loss, and food storage need to be addressed before the mission can be 00:11:22
undertaken. 00:11:26
To help find out more about some of these challenges, I spoke with Orlando Figueroa 00:11:27
at NASA Headquarters. 00:11:32
Some of the major challenges in getting crews, human beings, to another world deal with the 00:11:34
environment of space. 00:11:40
Not only is it very difficult to get them on their way to the new world, but the radiation 00:11:41
environment that they're going to be exposed to, the duration of those flights, other than 00:11:47
the moon, most destinations in the solar system are pretty far away, so you're going to spend 00:11:51
several months in the process. 00:11:56
They also need to carry a significant amount of resources, water, food, to be able to live 00:11:59
in space. 00:12:06
And they're in confined spaces where they need to exercise and to keep their body healthy. 00:12:07
We on Earth have to be able to keep track of their health, you know, how are they doing, 00:12:12
what happens if they get sick. 00:12:16
So an enormous number of challenges that we have to overcome before we're ready to take 00:12:18
that step. 00:12:22
Orlando, give me an idea of what the proposed spacecraft might look like. 00:12:23
The proposed spacecraft to take the humans in their journey through space are just, as 00:12:27
we speak, being designed. 00:12:33
They're called crew exploration vehicles, vehicles designed to be able to carry on board 00:12:35
a number of astronauts and have all of the equipment necessary, the food and other equipment, 00:12:40
for them to be able to go on their journey. 00:12:47
Now they are in similar shape, perhaps, to some that we observed during the Apollo era. 00:12:52
Bigger, much greater capability, and new rockets that are being developed to take them into 00:12:57
space. 00:13:02
Once in space, the system they're going to be using for propulsion will rely upon chemical, 00:13:03
combination of nuclear energy and or chemical, these type of technologies that are being 00:13:09
developed as we speak. 00:13:14
Using current rocket technology, it would take at least six months to get to Mars. 00:13:16
In order to cut back on that time, NASA researchers are looking at new methods of propulsion that 00:13:20
would greatly reduce trip duration. 00:13:25
One of the most promising plans called Project Prometheus could cut this travel time to about 00:13:27
two months. 00:13:32
A Prometheus spacecraft would use nuclear propulsion rather than chemical propulsion 00:13:34
to increase speeds to distant worlds. 00:13:39
The nuclear option would make a crewed Mars mission much easier because it would reduce 00:13:42
the need to carry so much food, fuel and oxygen. 00:13:46
Greater power would also mean that Martian launch windows would be longer, allowing a 00:13:50
more flexible choice of launch and return times, leading to a crewed landing mission 00:13:54
that could last as little as three or four months, as opposed to the current projection 00:13:59
of about three years. 00:14:03
Another concern is the crew's exposure to radiation when they're in space. 00:14:05
So how will the vehicle protect them from the radiation that's in space? 00:14:08
Well space has a certain level of radiation that can get significantly worse if they are 00:14:12
exposed to solar emissions. 00:14:18
You have a solar ejection, these are highly charged particles that are traveling incredibly 00:14:20
fast through space. 00:14:27
On Earth we have the benefit of having a magnificent magnetic field that provides great protection 00:14:29
against that radiation, those particles. 00:14:35
In space you're fully exposed. 00:14:38
So clearly we need to worry about the design of a spacecraft and make certain that it provides 00:14:40
a certain amount of shielding or a combination of materials that can increase the stoppage 00:14:46
ability of those particles. 00:14:51
It cannot be 100% effective, so you also need a way to predict when such a coronal mass 00:14:53
ejection may come through, to give them some adequate warning and perhaps have the astronauts 00:14:59
move to a safer area in the spacecraft to protect themselves. 00:15:05
So it's a combination of systems and prediction and other capabilities that would make it 00:15:10
much safer. 00:15:16
Will being in microgravity for long periods of time be detrimental to the astronauts? 00:15:18
In space there is no gravity, of course, or very limited gravity. 00:15:22
So your bones are not needed for the same purpose or the same strength that you would 00:15:26
need them here on Earth. 00:15:31
Likewise your muscles, you don't need to exert as much pressure or force in order to move 00:15:32
around. 00:15:38
You're not fighting gravity. 00:15:39
So therefore you also tend to lose muscle mass. 00:15:40
But obviously once you get to the destination, you're going to need that, again, not necessarily 00:15:44
if it's to Mars. 00:15:49
It's about half of the gravity of Earth, so you wouldn't need as much. 00:15:50
Nevertheless, you need a certain amount of strength and muscle mass to be able to move 00:15:54
around and be healthy. 00:15:59
So part of the challenge is to define techniques, skills, equipment, etc., that allow the astronauts 00:16:00
to remain healthy and to protect their bone and muscle mass to do the journey and return 00:16:09
back to Earth. 00:16:16
Because we have to worry about bringing them back when they're done. 00:16:17
A strong element of the Vision for Space exploration is this combination of humans and machines 00:16:20
working together. 00:16:25
To learn about a new world, normally we begin the process by sending robots that explore 00:16:27
and understand the environment from a science perspective as well as from an engineering 00:16:32
and safety perspective. 00:16:38
Where would humans go to do further scientific research and explore this new world? 00:16:40
Now it is a daunting task right now for us to develop all the capabilities that will 00:16:45
take us there. 00:16:50
And because of that, we're taking a stepwise approach. 00:16:51
We're going first to the Moon, where we're going to bring capabilities, develop technologies, 00:16:54
develop the knowledge necessary for humans to survive in that environment for a long 00:17:00
period of time. 00:17:06
And from there, then start graduating, if you will, to Mars as the next target. 00:17:07
The next target where we can start proving the scientific theories and explore this new 00:17:12
world and then move on beyond. 00:17:16
That's what the Vision for Space exploration is all about. 00:17:19
We at NASA are incredibly excited about the opportunities that the Vision for Space exploration 00:17:23
are bringing forth. 00:17:27
And who knows what we may discover, who knows what we may learn. 00:17:28
Coming up, we'll find out what some of the challenges will be for actually living and 00:17:35
working on other worlds. 00:17:39
But first, did you know that the early days of flight had its share of challenges as well? 00:17:40
For example, on May 14, 1918, the U.S. Post Office released the first stamps commemorating 00:17:45
airmail delivery, which were scheduled to begin the next day. 00:17:51
Unfortunately, the plane pictured on the stamp, the J-4 jetty, was mistakenly printed upside 00:17:54
down. 00:17:59
During the inaugural flight, Airman George Boyle had problems from the start. 00:18:01
Eventually crashing his jetty into a Maryland cornfield. 00:18:05
Scrambling from his plane, he stood, looking at it, lying upside down, exactly as the inverted 00:18:08
stamps had predicted. 00:18:13
The prospect of living and working on other worlds is very exciting. 00:18:19
But there are many questions that need to be answered before this vision can become 00:18:22
a reality. 00:18:26
Food concerns, radiation exposure, spacesuits that can withstand the rigors placed upon 00:18:27
them, and a host of other problems are concerns for NASA planners. 00:18:32
Johnny Alonzo spoke with Lisa Guerra at NASA Headquarters to find out how it works. 00:18:37
In the late 60s and early 70s, researchers at NASA learned quite a bit about living and 00:18:47
working on other worlds with the success of the Apollo moon landings. 00:18:51
These missions helped broaden our understanding of how humans can work and interact outside 00:18:55
of the comforts of Earth. 00:18:59
But even though much was learned about problems astronauts would face on other worlds, the 00:19:00
human presence on the moon was relatively short, generally only a few days at a time. 00:19:04
Future missions to Mars will be much longer, potentially lasting years at a time. 00:19:10
Things that many of us take for granted such as food, clothing, medical care and safety 00:19:14
will be some of the biggest challenges that need to be addressed by NASA planners. 00:19:17
To help us understand what is being done to prepare for these long duration missions, 00:19:21
I spoke with Lisa Guerra at NASA Headquarters to find out how it works. 00:19:25
The major challenge to live and work on other worlds is predominantly adapting to a new 00:19:30
environment. 00:19:36
The crews will be coming to these new worlds, and the one we've been looking at in particular 00:19:37
is Mars, and have to arrive and adapt to the environment. 00:19:41
That environment on Mars involves a third of our Earth's gravity, as well as different 00:19:46
weather patterns, dust storms, which we are particularly concerned with, radiation, which 00:19:52
we have to measure and understand how to protect the crews against. 00:19:59
And in particular, these crews will be traveling for long distances from Earth to Mars, and 00:20:05
we will have to have the crews fend for themselves once they get there. 00:20:13
There will not be hosts of doctors and NASA personnel when they arrive, and so are they 00:20:17
physically able to adapt to this environment as soon as they get there. 00:20:23
So when our astronauts arrive at Mars, will they have to go permanent basis, or could 00:20:28
they just live on the spacecraft that they arrive in? 00:20:32
Whether they live in their spacecraft, or we would have to have a more permanent habitat 00:20:35
for them, would depend on how long they would stay at Mars. 00:20:40
And there are two different approaches to sending crews to Mars. 00:20:44
One involves a short stay, and that's on the length of about 30 days on the surface of 00:20:48
Mars. 00:20:55
If that's how long they would be there, they could probably live out of their spacecraft, 00:20:56
much like the Apollo astronauts did. 00:21:01
However, if we take the other approach to going to Mars, they could be there for almost 00:21:04
500 days, from a year to 500 days in Mars vicinity. 00:21:10
And in that case, it's a very long time for six people to live out of one spacecraft, 00:21:16
so we would probably have a larger habitat and presence on the surface. 00:21:21
It would also mean we'd probably need other power sources than solar power, because they'd 00:21:27
have to sustain their activities for such a long period of time, and with the weather 00:21:34
and dust conditions, it makes solar power very difficult on Mars. 00:21:39
So Lisa, when astronauts are on Mars for years at a time, how would they get their food and 00:21:44
water? 00:21:50
And if they could stay for over a year, ideally, you could use some of the resources that might 00:21:52
be on Mars. 00:21:57
And with our current Mars robotic program, we are trying to determine the levels of potential 00:21:59
water or water ice on the planet, and if we do find sources in large quantities of water, 00:22:05
we could use that for the crews, as well as use it in fuel cells for power generation. 00:22:14
We could also use the atmosphere, which is made up predominantly of carbon dioxide, and 00:22:21
you could use methods to decompose the carbon dioxide into oxygen, and then we could use 00:22:27
that oxygen for the spacecraft air. 00:22:33
As far as food goes, again, if you have water and oxygen, you could ultimately see the crews 00:22:37
developing their own growth chambers and actually growing their own food, and that would be 00:22:45
something we'd look into if we were staying there for a long time. 00:22:52
What are some of the differences astronauts might face working on the Moon compared to 00:22:56
working on Mars? 00:23:00
The difference between spending and occupying time on the Moon to Mars, first and foremost, 00:23:01
is that the Moon is much closer to the Earth, about a three-day trip. 00:23:08
We could actually rescue the crews if necessary. 00:23:12
They could come back and get medical care. 00:23:16
They would not have to be as self-sufficient, and you could set up a, like a ferry system 00:23:18
with logistics, much like we do with the space station. 00:23:25
So again, the crews could operate for varying amounts of time, but still be reliant on the 00:23:29
Earth, whereas the distance to Mars is so much greater, we'd have to build the reliability 00:23:35
and maintainability into our systems and have the crews be much more self-sufficient. 00:23:41
Right now, NASA is planning to use the Moon as a testbed for Mars. 00:24:06
This would be primarily a systems-type testbed, design some of these life support systems 00:24:11
and spacesuits, and use them and work them on the Moon and learn from that engineering 00:24:18
experience and then improve the design for Mars. 00:24:25
One major challenge that will need to be addressed will be what type of spacesuit our astronauts 00:24:29
will wear on other worlds. 00:24:33
The current suits used on the shuttle and in the space station work well, but they are 00:24:35
not designed for full-range motions like walking and working on a planetary surface. 00:24:39
So future suits will probably look more like the suits that were used during the Apollo 00:24:43
program. 00:24:46
These new suits will need to be much more durable and better suited for the harsh conditions 00:24:47
astronauts will encounter on other worlds. 00:24:51
The other issue, though, with spacesuits for Mars is the dust issue. 00:25:22
The dust tends to be very electrostatic and there are concerns that if you came into the 00:25:27
habitat or the airlock with your suit, that dust would get circulated into the air system. 00:25:33
So there are concepts being developed where maybe the suit never comes into your habitat, 00:25:41
but you actually step out of it, like walk out from the back of your suit into your habitat 00:25:48
and the suit's always exposed to the environment. 00:25:54
We're looking at this as not just a milestone, but a journey to actually get beyond Earth 00:25:58
orbit, to get beyond the Moon and go to other worlds. 00:26:05
And so everything we do today and everything we expect to do in the next couple of decades 00:26:10
will give us a capability to enable us to get to Mars. 00:26:16
And it may not be within my career, but it may be the young engineers in school today 00:26:22
that they will see it through, and the next generation, the next generation. 00:26:28
So that's how it works. 00:26:34
So for the next generation of explorers, walking Mars might be in the cards, but with my pole 00:26:35
here at NASA, I guess I might see you there. 00:26:41
That's it for this edition of Destination Tomorrow. 00:26:45
I'm Steel McGonigal. 00:26:47
And I'm Kara O'Brien. 00:26:48
For all of us here at NASA, we'll see you next time. 00:26:49
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Idioma/s:
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Autor/es:
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Subido por:
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Licencia:
Reconocimiento - No comercial - Sin obra derivada
Visualizaciones:
535
Fecha:
28 de mayo de 2007 - 17:05
Visibilidad:
Público
Enlace Relacionado:
NASAs center for distance learning
Duración:
28′ 32″
Relación de aspecto:
4:3 Hasta 2009 fue el estándar utilizado en la televisión PAL; muchas pantallas de ordenador y televisores usan este estándar, erróneamente llamado cuadrado, cuando en la realidad es rectangular o wide.
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