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Diet, Exercise and Long-Term Space Travel

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Subido el 28 de mayo de 2007 por EducaMadrid

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In the second segment of the Case of the Great Space Exploration the detectives learn about the effects of long-term space travel on the body. A Hands On Activity explores calories and the Food Pyramid.

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RJ's got my bags. Now, make sure that you all run at least two miles a day. It's never 00:00:00
too early to get a start on your preparation. And you remember to report daily about what 00:00:06
you've learned about working and living in space. Even areas that aren't directly involved 00:00:10
with astronauts. You know man and I'm man. Of course. Are you running in those shoes? 00:00:14
You need better arch support. Have a nice trip, Bianca. Keep in touch. See ya. 00:00:21
So what's up? Will Bianca's training pay off? Will she have the right stuff for space 00:00:29
camp? Will RJ keep up his fitness training? Find out in the next episode of The Case of 00:00:34
the Great Space Exploration. 00:00:40
Don't forget to look for the answers to the following questions. 00:00:44
Why is it important to exercise in space? 00:00:47
Why are calories important? 00:00:51
Why are robots important to the future of space travel? 00:00:55
Welcome to Huntsville, Alabama. A home space camp where kids get the chance to get behind 00:01:00
the controls of a NASA space shuttle and simulate a mission in space. It's the next best thing 00:01:05
to being a real astronaut. In fact, you spend the entire week doing exactly what they do. 00:01:10
Training, working in teams, problem solving, and of course flying missions. But I'm getting 00:01:15
ahead of myself. I've got to meet my team members, but I'll be sure to keep you posted 00:01:20
as I learn more. 00:01:23
There you are. Where were you? We were supposed to meet at the track to run this morning. 00:01:43
I've been all day. 00:01:48
What happened? 00:01:49
It turns out Bianca's right. 00:01:50
I know. She usually is. Isn't that why we're all getting in shape? 00:01:52
No, I mean the shoes. After careful study, it's clear that the shoes, though very cool, 00:01:55
are not the best things for running. 00:02:00
I never really took that kind of thing seriously. 00:02:03
Remember last spring when you tried to catch up to the bus in your dress shoes? 00:02:05
Sure. 00:02:08
And you could barely walk for the next few days. That could have been a result of bad equipment. 00:02:09
Wow. If something as simple as shoes can make such a difference, then I wonder what kind 00:02:13
of equipment they use in space when they exercise. 00:02:18
Me too. That's exactly why I'm here. Research. 00:02:20
I thought you were focusing on unmanned missions in space. 00:02:23
I am, but Catherine called me last night. She's going down to Houston with her dad for 00:02:26
the rest of the week. 00:02:31
What for? 00:02:32
She's going to meet with Dr. Grant Shaffner to learn about the effects of space travel 00:02:33
on the body. 00:02:37
Okay, but I still don't understand why that was sent to the library. Not that there's 00:02:38
anything wrong with the library. 00:02:42
Oh, sorry. The connection to space travel. If it has an effect on human beings, then 00:02:44
it must also have a significant impact on cameras, robots, sensors, and everything else 00:02:49
that's involved in the missions. 00:02:55
So I came here to learn what space is really like. 00:02:57
Wow. I think I'll head back to the treehouse and catch everyone up on our progress. 00:02:59
Let me know how it ends. 00:03:04
No problem. 00:03:06
Dr. Shaffner works with fitness testing and exercise equipment at NASA Johnson Space Center. 00:03:11
We met at the bioastronautics lab. 00:03:16
I hear you want to learn how space affects the body. 00:03:24
Yes. We're doing research on the future of space exploration, and we're curious as to 00:03:27
what the effect of long-term space flight will have on the human body. 00:03:31
NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology 00:03:36
Exposure to space flight is very similar to prolonged bed rest. 00:03:43
During prolonged exposure to weightlessness, the body gradually degrades and loses bone mass, 00:03:47
muscle mass, and endurance capacity. 00:03:53
Can these problems be prevented? 00:03:56
We're not sure if they can be totally prevented, but with proper exercise and nutrition, 00:03:58
the effects are minimized. 00:04:02
We know how important it is to be in good physical condition, even if you aren't an astronaut. 00:04:04
But do astronauts have to be in super condition? 00:04:09
Actually, there are no physical requirements other than to be healthy and to pass a physical examination. 00:04:12
But all astronauts should be in good physical condition. 00:04:18
How is exercise in space different from regular exercise? 00:04:21
Exercises performed in space are similar to exercises done on Earth, but with a few differences. 00:04:25
Astronauts use a cycle ergometer, treadmill, and resistive exercise devices 00:04:30
for strength training both on Earth and in space. 00:04:35
However, the equipment is just designed a little differently for space. 00:04:38
How is the equipment different? 00:04:42
The equipment has to be lighter because it is very expensive to carry mass into space. 00:04:44
When you exercise on Earth, you work against your own body weight. 00:04:48
What do astronauts do in a weightless environment? 00:04:51
We use bungees or other devices to simulate gravity loading while running on a treadmill. 00:04:54
And we increase the amount of resistance for some resistive exercises. 00:04:59
Why is it important to exercise while in space? 00:05:04
In space, exercise helps limit the amount of bone or muscle loss. 00:05:07
Astronauts who are able to complete the exercise program return to Earth in better shape and recover faster. 00:05:11
What happens if they don't exercise while in space? 00:05:17
Those astronauts are at greater risk for bone fractures and have to complete a longer rehabilitation program. 00:05:20
What concerns are there for the astronauts that are going to Mars and beyond? 00:05:26
One concern is that the exercise equipment be very reliable. 00:05:30
If it breaks down and is not repairable, then there would be serious health risks to the crew. 00:05:33
Also, due to the small space, only a limited number of devices can be used. 00:05:38
If exercising is important in space, isn't eating right also important? 00:05:43
You bet. But the real expert is Miss Davis-Street. 00:05:47
Let's see if she can meet with you. 00:05:50
Dr. Shatner said you had some questions about nutrition in space. 00:05:56
I'm curious. Are nutritional needs different in space? 00:05:59
Good nutrition is critical for all aspects of human health on Earth. 00:06:03
While there are some specific differences during spaceflight, just like on Earth, 00:06:07
we need to make sure that astronauts are able to do their jobs while they're on the mission. 00:06:11
How do you do that? 00:06:16
We make sure they have enough calories, vitamins and minerals to maintain energy levels and good health. 00:06:17
What are calories? 00:06:23
Food provides us with the energy to perform our daily activities. 00:06:24
The term calorie is a way to measure energy, either in the foods we eat or in the activities we perform. 00:06:28
Why are calories important? 00:06:34
To maintain an appropriate body weight, we must balance the energy in the foods we eat 00:06:36
with energy we expend during physical activity. 00:06:41
In other words, calorie intake must match calories burned or you will lose or gain body weight. 00:06:44
How do we know how many calories we need? 00:06:50
There is a formula to calculate a person's resting calorie needs, or BMR, basal metabolic rate. 00:06:52
Once you know your BMR, you multiply it by a factor depending on low, medium or high activity level. 00:06:59
To learn more about BMR, visit the NASA SAFIRE's website. 00:07:05
So calories are pretty important. 00:07:09
Yes, but remember, it's not just important to eat food to the right number of calories. 00:07:12
They also need to be nutritious. 00:07:16
How can you determine if the foods you eat are nutritious? 00:07:18
One way is to follow the food pyramid as a guide to healthy eating. 00:07:21
There are six food groups, grains, vegetables, fruits, milk, meat, fat and sweets. 00:07:25
Each level of the pyramid represents the correct number of servings of each group. 00:07:32
What is a serving? 00:07:36
A serving is a recommended portion size and is usually measured in ounces, cups, teaspoons or pieces, 00:07:37
depending on the type of food. 00:07:44
Is there anything else that we can do to make sure that we eat healthy? 00:07:46
Yes, you can also read nutritional labels to find foods low in saturated fats and sugar 00:07:49
and higher in fiber, protein, vitamins and minerals. 00:07:54
So how do astronauts make sure that they eat healthy and get the right number of calories while in space? 00:07:58
Nutrition experts help the astronauts plan proper menus for space flight. 00:08:02
Astronauts like to have a choice in their diet, 00:08:07
so various foods are prepared just like they will be in space. 00:08:10
Variety in menus is always very important. 00:08:14
Variety in menus is always very important. 00:08:16
Then the astronauts conduct taste tests to select their favorite foods 00:08:19
while creating a nutritionally balanced meal. 00:08:23
It doesn't sound that much different than going to a restaurant that serves nutritionally balanced meals. 00:08:26
It is very similar. 00:08:31
We also help astronauts keep track of what they eat on orbit to make sure they maintain a healthy diet. 00:08:33
Thanks for all your help, Ms. Davis-Street. 00:08:38
You're welcome. Call if you have any other questions. 00:08:40
I will. Bye. 00:08:43
Bye. 00:08:44
Bye. 00:08:46
Hello, R.J. What's in the bag? 00:08:52
New shoes. 00:08:54
Actually, I think you'll be fine. 00:08:55
What do you mean? 00:08:57
Well, I've been going over to Catherine's get-up-and-go sheet from her visit with NASA Johnson Space Center. 00:08:58
Apparently, you don't need to be a marathon runner to be an astronaut. 00:09:02
I know. I also checked out her report. 00:09:06
Isn't that good news? You can just take the shoes back. 00:09:08
I think I'm going to keep them. 00:09:11
They're hard to physically fit, and good shoes are important for healthy feet. 00:09:13
I just hope Bianca will lighten up a bit. 00:09:17
I sent her Catherine's report, and it looks like we have a pretty good handle on how manned missions will affect the body. 00:09:20
Yes, but I think we need to learn more about an astronaut's diet in space. 00:09:25
Ms. Davis-Street made it sound pretty important. 00:09:28
I've got just the thing. 00:09:31
The NASA Sci-Files Kids Club? 00:09:32
You got it. 00:09:34
It looks like Maryvale Elementary School in Rockville, Maryland, is studying nutrition. 00:09:35
Cool. 00:09:40
Some of our mentors from the Society of Women Engineers are helping out. 00:09:41
To learn more about the Society of Women Engineers, or where you can get a free classroom mentor, visit the NASA Sci-Files website. 00:09:44
Here they are now. 00:09:50
Hi, I'm Josh. 00:09:52
And I'm Tracey. 00:09:53
You're just in time. 00:09:54
You're ready to evaluate our astronaut menus. 00:09:55
Wow, that sounds like a difficult task. 00:09:58
How do you know what to plan for an astronaut? 00:10:01
Right, like you can order a pizza in orbit. 00:10:03
At first, we didn't. 00:10:05
We just planned what we thought would be a good diet for an astronaut. 00:10:07
Then we decided to look at our own diets and wrote down everything we ate the day before. 00:10:10
Next, with the help of our mentors from the Society of Women Engineers, we did some research to learn about serving sizes. 00:10:15
We were surprised to find out that a serving size is not what we thought it was. 00:10:22
What do you mean, not what you thought it was? 00:10:26
We learned that serving sizes listed on nutrition facts labels are often larger than serving sizes listed on guides to healthy eating. 00:10:29
For example, did you know that a large bagel is actually about three and a half servings of grain instead of one? 00:10:37
That's a big difference. 00:10:44
Large bagel with cream cheese. 00:10:46
What other factors do you consider when planning a menu? 00:10:49
We learned that calories are very important in order to maintain appropriate weight and to give you enough energy for the day. 00:10:52
And that the number of daily required calories is determined by your age, weight, height, and activity level. 00:10:58
Although everyone is different for this exercise, we estimated that an average astronaut would need about 3,000 calories. 00:11:06
Many very large bagels, extra cream cheese. 00:11:13
And the calories need to be balanced throughout the day to help maintain a good energy level all day long. 00:11:17
That's a lot to remember in planning a menu. 00:11:23
It becomes even more complicated when you consider nutrition. 00:11:25
We learned from Miss Davis-Street that the Food Pyramid can help you with nutrition. 00:11:28
Yes, the Food Pyramid showed us how many servings of each food should be consumed in a day. 00:11:32
Did you know that you need 6 to 11 servings of grain, 3 to 5 servings of vegetables, 2 to 4 servings of fruit, 2 to 3 servings of milk, 2 to 3 servings of meat, but only one serving of fats and sweets? 00:11:37
Candy bars aren't considered grain, are they? 00:11:51
No. I think we need to make some major changes to our diet. 00:11:54
That's exactly what we thought. 00:11:58
We found out that astronauts say that fruit tastes different in space. 00:12:00
They also like a lot of variety in their diet. 00:12:03
They also like spicy fruits, such as salsa. 00:12:06
And we didn't even think about crumbs floating around in space, so no crackers for the astronauts. 00:12:09
Did you know that they don't even have a refrigerator on the space shuttle? 00:12:14
That would be rough. No frozen pizzas. 00:12:18
Well, after we finished our research, we began to evaluate our menu. 00:12:21
We think we have a good menu now for our astronauts. 00:12:25
Well, we are going to share it with our class and get their suggestions. 00:12:28
That's great. It's always good to get advice from lots of people. 00:12:31
You never know where you'll get a good idea. 00:12:35
Well, we better get back to the discussions. We'll post our results on the website. 00:12:37
We'll be sure to check it out. 00:12:42
Thanks for sharing your research with us. 00:12:43
You're welcome. 00:12:45
Goodbye from Maryborough Elementary School in Rockville, Maryland. 00:12:46
Wow. I never knew there was so much to think about in planning a healthy diet. 00:12:53
All this talk about nutrition and calories is making me hungry. 00:12:57
Me too. Hey, why don't we stop by my house to grab a quick bite? 00:13:00
Cool. I'll meet you there. But first, I need to stop by Dr. D's. 00:13:03
I have a few questions I'd like to ask him. 00:13:07
What questions? 00:13:09
Well, we have a good idea about the body and how to prepare it for space travel and keep it fit while in space, 00:13:10
but we still need to learn more about unmanned missions. 00:13:15
We know space is an extremely harsh environment for people, but what about robots? 00:13:18
I'm sure Dr. D would have some ideas. 00:13:22
Hi, Dr. D. 00:13:28
It's nice to see you're finally taking a break. 00:13:40
Break? This is serious robotics research. 00:13:42
It looks like Lego, Dr. D. 00:13:45
It is Lego, but it's also a computerized robot. 00:13:47
That's pretty cool. What does it do? 00:13:50
Here, let me show you. This robot is programmed to go forward and avoid obstacles. 00:13:52
And how does it do that? 00:13:56
It has a bumper with a touch sensor, which causes it to back up and then move around any object that it runs into. 00:13:58
That's pretty important, especially if a robot is exploring Mars, 00:14:04
where there is about a 10-minute time delay between questions sent and answers received. 00:14:07
So are there other ways to avoid obstacles than just knowing how to back up when you hit one? 00:14:14
Yes. One example is the Mars Exploration Rovers that use pairs of cameras spaced some distance apart. 00:14:18
Those cameras like two eyes, so the rover has depth perception and it can tell how far away things are. 00:14:24
That's right. 3D images help the onboard computer plot a path that avoided obstacles. 00:14:30
Didn't the rovers only go a short distance from their spacecraft landers? 00:14:35
Actually, the Mars rover named Spirit did travel for only about 10 seconds at a time before it had to stop and consider its next step. 00:14:38
But it did travel a total of several kilometers. 00:14:45
So what else can your robot do? 00:14:48
If I place these light sensors on the robot, it will follow this black line. 00:14:49
It is programmed to go forward until it hits black and turn away from the black and go forward again. 00:14:53
Cayley learned that robots are very important to the future of space travel. 00:14:59
That's correct. Robotic explorers will lead the way, followed by human explorers who will conduct in-depth research. 00:15:02
Aren't robotic probes also able to collect data for long periods of time? 00:15:08
Very good. For a Mars mission, robotic explorers are especially important, 00:15:11
because travel to Mars is a very lengthy process for human beings. 00:15:15
Doesn't it take just as long for a machine to get to Mars? 00:15:19
Yes, it takes about eight months to get to Mars, but you don't have to bring a robot back to Earth. 00:15:22
I guess 16 months of food, oxygen and water could be a challenge. 00:15:27
Actually, it's a lot longer than 16 months. 00:15:30
Travel to and from Mars requires proper planetary alignment. 00:15:33
Once you get to Mars, you'll probably have to wait 10 months or longer for the alignment is correct to come back. 00:15:37
We learned that the harshness of space makes it difficult for humans to travel. 00:15:44
Is the same true for robots? 00:15:47
That's right. Robots have to be shielded from radiation and also protected from temperature extremes. 00:15:49
Dr. D, can we borrow your robot and take it back to the treehouse? 00:15:53
No problem. In fact, let me give you an assignment. 00:15:56
Try to find several new things for the robot to do, and then we can sell the robots to NASA for future missions. 00:15:59
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Idioma/s:
en
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Autor/es:
NASA LaRC Office of Education
Subido por:
EducaMadrid
Licencia:
Reconocimiento - No comercial - Sin obra derivada
Visualizaciones:
1746
Fecha:
28 de mayo de 2007 - 15:34
Visibilidad:
Público
Enlace Relacionado:
NASAs center for distance learning
Duración:
16′ 05″
Relación de aspecto:
4:3 Hasta 2009 fue el estándar utilizado en la televisión PAL; muchas pantallas de ordenador y televisores usan este estándar, erróneamente llamado cuadrado, cuando en la realidad es rectangular o wide.
Resolución:
480x360 píxeles
Tamaño:
96.45 MBytes

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