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2º ESO/THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL - Contenido educativo

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Subido el 10 de abril de 2021 por Alicia M.

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Good morning, evening, afternoon, night, whenever you're watching this, geographers, 00:00:00
welcome to the Mr. Sin channel. Today's a big day. We're going to be talking about Unit 2, 00:00:04
Topic 5. We're going to be going into the Demographic Transition Model, 00:00:08
and at the end of this video, we're going to be talking about the Epidemiological Transition 00:00:12
Model. These models are really important, not just for this unit, but for the rest of the class. 00:00:16
Now, before we dive into these really important concepts, I want to mention my Ultimate Review 00:00:21
packet. I get emails all the time from students asking how they can study better for AP Human 00:00:25
Geography. And my Ultimate Review Packet is a great tool for you to use. It comes with videos 00:00:31
that'll talk about how to do better on FRQ tests, how to do better on multiple choice, how to study, 00:00:36
how to look at some of the themes. It also has summary videos for all of the different units in 00:00:41
this class, along with practice quizzes, study guides, answer keys, and two full practice AP 00:00:46
tests. And that's just getting started with it. So if you're interested in that, check it out. 00:00:50
The link is in the description below now the demographic transition model is broken into different stages each stage looks at different 00:00:54
Economic and social developments that happen in a society now the first stage of the model is actually where the majority of human history has 00:01:00
Happened so far it's defined by low growth 00:01:06
We can actually see that our births here are really high remember back to our last video where we were talking about 00:01:09
CDR CBR and I are all those concepts come back in this model and we can see that our births are high and our deaths 00:01:15
are also high. Notice too, when we're looking at the model, they actually are essentially the same. 00:01:22
So our growth rate then is actually pretty low, hence low growth. It's being canceled out. And 00:01:28
the reason why so many people are dying is we don't have medicine yet. People are dying to 00:01:34
animal attacks, diseases, you name it, it's killing people. Quite frankly, it's a pretty 00:01:38
depressing time to be alive. Now, I do want to stress that all countries today have actually 00:01:42
moved on from stage one. There are no countries anymore that are in stage one. Now, an example of 00:01:46
Modern-day society not a country that is in stage one would be the sentinese people 00:01:51
They're actually living on an island off the coast of india. They have no connection to the outside world in fact 00:01:56
It's actually legal to go visit them 00:02:02
Because they've been isolated for so long that the diseases we have would end up killing the population now countries move from stage one to 00:02:04
Stage two when either the industrial revolution happens or the medical revolution 00:02:10
Regions like europe and north america were the first to experience stage two thanks to the industrial revolution 00:02:15
Followed by Africa, Asia, and Latin America, thanks to the medical revolution. 00:02:20
Now stage two is defined by high growth. 00:02:25
When countries enter stage two, they keep their high birth rate. 00:02:27
We see that they're still having a lot of babies, that's similar to stage one. 00:02:31
However though, their CDR, their crude death rate, is going down now. 00:02:35
The reason why is because of the advancements made in the industrial 00:02:40
revolution with now food surplus, more efficient production, and 00:02:44
also the medical revolution where now people are living longer and our infant mortality rate is 00:02:47
decreasing. So our births are high and our deaths are now decreasing. And this leads to a population 00:02:53
boom. You can see that we have a gap. Our births are a lot higher now than our deaths. This leads 00:02:58
to our population to start taking off. This is when like Thomas Malthus, for example, looked at 00:03:04
what was happening and said, hey, we're going to have a big issue here. He believed that this would 00:03:09
just continue. And the demographic transition model actually shows us that no, he was wrong. 00:03:14
At the time, he was in stage two and he didn't see what was going to happen next. Today, we could 00:03:19
look at Afghanistan as a great example of actually being a stage two country. Now, eventually, we 00:03:23
start to see society change. We start to see more urbanization. We start to see people realize, hey, 00:03:28
stage two people, we're having a lot of births and everyone's living. Our kids aren't dying anymore. 00:03:33
All of a sudden, now we have some pretty big families. And so we start to see a culture shift. 00:03:38
And that's when countries started to enter stage three. 00:03:42
For stage three, what we're looking at here is moderate growth. 00:03:45
In stage three, women start gaining more opportunities in society. 00:03:49
Women are going to school. 00:03:52
They're pursuing jobs, careers. 00:03:54
And this reduces the amount of time that they have to have families. 00:03:56
So our TFR, remember, total fertility rate from the last video, starts to decrease now. 00:03:59
Now our family sizes are going down. 00:04:05
That with more urbanization, which means the advantages of having large families go away, 00:04:07
continue to push that down. 00:04:11
So we can see that our births now and deaths 00:04:13
are getting closer. 00:04:16
We still have a positive NIR where we're growing 00:04:17
as a society, but the growth has slowed 00:04:20
as now we're becoming more economically developed, 00:04:23
but we're also seeing a lot more social opportunities 00:04:25
for everyone in society, reducing the amount of time 00:04:28
they have for large families. 00:04:31
Mexico today would be a great example of a country 00:04:32
that has now moved from stage two to stage three 00:04:35
as their population growth starts to slow 00:04:38
and they're gaining more medical advancements, 00:04:40
which are allowing people to live longer, 00:04:42
and we're also seeing more opportunities for citizens, 00:04:44
which are making it so we're starting 00:04:46
to see less large families. 00:04:47
Now, as countries continue to develop and urbanize, 00:04:49
and they continue to eliminate gender inequality, 00:04:52
we start to see them transition into stage four. 00:04:54
Here's now where our birth rate and our death rate, 00:04:57
our CBR and CDR, are essentially the same again. 00:04:59
And this is when a country experiences ZPG. 00:05:02
This is zero population growth. 00:05:05
Essentially, we've stabilized now. 00:05:07
Our NIR is no longer really growing. 00:05:09
We're keeping at our status quo. 00:05:12
So our population is staying the same here. 00:05:14
Now women have lots of opportunities in society. 00:05:17
People are now pursuing higher education. 00:05:19
And after they graduate college, 00:05:22
they might get a master's degree. 00:05:23
And from there, a doctorate. 00:05:25
And then they have their careers. 00:05:26
So the amount of time people have for kids 00:05:28
is significantly reduced. 00:05:30
We start to see the average time that people get married 00:05:32
also get pushed back, 00:05:35
as now there's other things in life that they're doing. 00:05:36
And on top of all that, 00:05:38
we continue to see more advancements in medicine, 00:05:39
which are allowing people to live longer and longer, 00:05:41
which again is going to reduce that family size 00:05:44
because that IMR, our infant mortality rate, 00:05:46
keeps going down. 00:05:49
Today we can look at the United States and China 00:05:50
as great examples of a stage four country. 00:05:52
Now the fifth stage is one 00:05:55
that was not originally in the model, 00:05:56
and some people actually put the fifth stage with the fourth, 00:05:58
but this stage is defined by negative growth. 00:06:00
Essentially what's happening now 00:06:03
is society has become so developed 00:06:04
and the culture has shifted so much 00:06:06
that people's family size is now below 00:06:08
that replacement rate, that average TFR of 2.1. 00:06:10
So we're now seeing that our births 00:06:14
are lower than our death rate. 00:06:16
So society now is starting to decrease in population size. 00:06:18
Now there could be other factors as well. 00:06:22
There's a variety of different reasons 00:06:24
why this might happen. 00:06:25
It could be that family sizes are small 00:06:26
because of cultural preferences, because of the government, 00:06:28
because of urbanization and economic factors, 00:06:31
or because now so many people have opportunities in society 00:06:34
that they don't wanna have as large of families 00:06:37
and they would rather be working or traveling 00:06:39
or doing other things with their lives. 00:06:41
An example for a possible stage five country could be Japan 00:06:42
where the population now has actually aged 00:06:46
and the majority of people 00:06:48
are in those post reproductive years. 00:06:49
And the average family size 00:06:51
has dipped below that replacement rate. 00:06:52
And so now they're starting to see 00:06:54
that they're gonna have an issue 00:06:56
because they're not having enough people being born 00:06:57
to replace their current population. 00:06:59
All right, so those are the main concepts 00:07:01
that you need to know for the demographic transition model. 00:07:02
And if you need more help with it, 00:07:05
check out some of my other videos on the channel that go more in depth into that model. But now 00:07:06
we're going to shift gears and talk about the epidemiologic transition model. This one looks 00:07:10
at disease and death. Stage one is defined by pestilence and famine, and here unfortunately 00:07:14
you're going to die to a lot of things. It's not a great time to be alive. It connects pretty 00:07:19
closely to our stage one of the demographic transition model. Here you're going to see 00:07:23
that we have parasitic diseases and infectious diseases that spread across the land. We're also 00:07:27
to see people dying to animal attacks running out of food or just from drinking water that's tainted 00:07:33
we could also see that pandemics and epidemics will impact large swaths of geographic areas and 00:07:38
here your cdr is going to be extremely high an example actually we could look at would be the 00:07:44
bubonic plague that would fit in stage one of this model now if you're lucky enough to make it out of 00:07:49
stage one and move into stage two you're going to see that the pandemics start to recede they pull 00:07:54
back. We're now seeing advancements in medicine and technology. Remember, stage two of that 00:07:59
demographic transition model is when the industrial revolution and that medical revolution occur. 00:08:04
And this allows our life expectancy to go up, our infant mortality rate to go down. And now we're 00:08:08
getting better at medicine, we're getting new technology, and we're having more access to food. 00:08:14
So some of the things that were killing us before are no longer impacting us. However, we're also 00:08:19
starting to see more urbanization. And because of that, we're seeing people now living closer 00:08:24
together. So we still see that infectious diseases can be a problem, as things can spread throughout 00:08:28
now these very densely populated areas. And while sanitation was improving, it still wasn't that 00:08:33
great. Now when countries get to stage three of this model, they deal more with degenerative 00:08:39
diseases. No longer are they as impacted by infectious diseases. And the reason why is 00:08:43
because we're living so long. Now we have more advancements in medicine and technology, which 00:08:48
increases our life expectancy. So now people are dealing more with cancer, heart attacks, 00:08:53
strokes, diabetes. Some of these are actually kind of human created because of our diet. Society has 00:08:58
gained so many options for food and also allows for a more sedentary lifestyle that we start to 00:09:04
see people's health actually be negatively impacted. And before we wouldn't see the impacts 00:09:09
of this because people didn't live long enough. Today, if we look at a map of the world and we're 00:09:13
looking at cancer rates, we can see some parts of the world have very low numbers. It's not that 00:09:16
they solved or cured cancer. No, it's they haven't gotten to stage three yet. Their life expectancy 00:09:21
isn't that high, so they're not dealing with some of these degenerative diseases yet. Now, when a 00:09:26
country gets to stage four, the focus is on delaying degenerative diseases. Here, we're trying to cure 00:09:31
cancer. We're doing transplants. We're focusing on our lifestyles and how we can live better and 00:09:36
healthier lives. Sanitation becomes a big focus. Exercising, reducing the amount of tobacco that's 00:09:40
used in society. 00:09:47
All these things help us live longer 00:09:48
and this is where medicine continues to improve 00:09:50
as we keep trying to push that life expectancy up 00:09:53
and those degenerative diseases back. 00:09:55
Now one risk that happens here too 00:09:58
and it's similar to stage three 00:09:59
is because our society is so developed now, 00:10:01
more people become sedentary 00:10:04
and so we start to see issues with obesity 00:10:06
and that also has to do with junk food and fast food 00:10:08
are very prevalent during this time of society. 00:10:11
So it makes it easy to eat unhealthy. 00:10:14
Now the last stage is stage five, and this stage is defined by the reemergence of infectious 00:10:15
diseases. 00:10:19
This stage doesn't go as well with the demographic transition model, but it's a really important 00:10:20
one to understand. 00:10:24
Here we see that parasitic and infectious diseases make a return, and this happens for 00:10:26
a variety of reasons. 00:10:30
The first reason is that diseases will start to have a resistance to antibiotics. 00:10:31
Over time, diseases evolve, and as we continue to use medicine and other environmental threats, 00:10:36
they continue to change. 00:10:40
And eventually we could run into things like superbugs, where things like penicillin may 00:10:42
no longer be as effective as they once were, and that's when we would have some pretty 00:10:46
big issues. 00:10:50
Another reason we could see stage 5 occur is due to increased urbanization. 00:10:51
As our cities become larger and larger, they become more densely populated. 00:10:54
And as we have more and more people living together, there's a higher chance of diseases 00:10:58
spreading throughout. 00:11:02
And especially when we look at poverty as well. 00:11:03
If we have low-income communities that are tightly packed together, they probably have 00:11:06
less access to health care and other medicines that they may need, and so a disease could 00:11:10
quickly spread throughout a neighborhood, especially when you have multiple generations 00:11:14
of family living in one home. 00:11:18
That could create problems and could also then see the reemergence of these infectious 00:11:20
diseases. 00:11:25
Our last cause could be actually globalization. 00:11:26
Today, the world's connected in ways that we've never been connected before, and this 00:11:27
leads to people interacting with people all over the world. 00:11:31
When we get on airplanes and boats, when we drive our cars, we're interacting with different 00:11:35
geographic places. And sometimes we might be exposed to different diseases that our bodies 00:11:39
aren't used to. Then when we go back home, we spread it throughout our community. A perfect 00:11:44
example of this could actually be COVID-19. COVID-19 spread quickly in densely populated 00:11:48
areas. And it spread also through international travel and trade, globalization, as it went to 00:11:53
the major cities around the world. It also impacts people at a lower income more because they have 00:11:59
less access to health care services and they're also living in closely packed areas which allows 00:12:04
the disease to spread quickly throughout all right that's it for this video now this is really 00:12:10
important i know i say this in all the other videos but you need to do these practice questions 00:12:15
you can see them on the screen right now these two models are extremely important for you to 00:12:19
understand so practice what we just went over i covered a ton of stuff in this video and when 00:12:23
you're done make sure to check your answers in the comment section below and if you're still 00:12:28
struggling a little bit check out my ultimate review packet for more resources and help on 00:12:32
all these concepts in ap thank you so much for spending time with me today and learning about 00:12:37
the demographic transition and the epidemiologic transition model i'm mr sin and until next time 00:12:41
geographers i'll see you online hey hanging out with the end cards i see thank you so much again 00:12:47
for watching the video by the way if you want more mr sin content don't forget to check me out 00:12:54
on Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram. 00:12:58
You can find the links in the description below. 00:13:00
Thanks again for watching, geographers, 00:13:02
and good luck with your studies. 00:13:04
All right, I'm gonna go film 2.6 now, 00:13:07
so you guys have a great day. 00:13:09
Subido por:
Alicia M.
Licencia:
Dominio público
Visualizaciones:
23
Fecha:
10 de abril de 2021 - 17:17
Visibilidad:
Público
Centro:
IES LA SENDA
Duración:
13′ 11″
Relación de aspecto:
1.78:1
Resolución:
1920x1080 píxeles
Tamaño:
351.97 MBytes

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