The 18th-century crisis - Contenido educativo
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Hello students, this is the first video I'm projecting. In this video I'll address the 18th century, I'll address the Ancien Regime or the Old Regime.
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The Ancien or the Old Regime was the name given to the period before the French Revolution by the people living during the French Revolution and in the 19th century.
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In other words, the ancient or the old regime was the name given to the period before 1789,
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which was the year, remember, of the French Revolution.
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And I will approach the ancient regime from four perspectives.
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First of all, I will address the ancient regime from an economic perspective, which is to
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say I will address the old regime from the perspective of the production and distribution
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of resources. Then, secondly, I'll address the ancient regime from the perspective of
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society, from a social perspective. Namely, I'll address what were the main social groups
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living in the ancient regime. Then I'll address the ancient regime from a political perspective.
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I'll address the Ancien Regime from the perspective of the states, governments, power, and finally
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I'll address the old, the Ancien Regime from the perspective of culture, especially I'll
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address the Ancien Regime from the perspective of new ideologies which were born in the 18th
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century.
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So, first of all, regarding the economy of the ancient region, regarding the economy of the 18th century, the first point I must mention is that the economy was agrarian.
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The main sector was the primary sector, especially agriculture. Agriculture was the main economic activity of the ancient region.
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It's really important you remember that those who worked the lands, the peasants,
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did not own the lands. The lands belonged to the nobility and the clergy.
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Take this point to account because it's going to be important when we address
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the French Revolution. Second point regarding the economy of the ancient
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the gym, manufacturing developed. New systems of production, and this has to do
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with the secondary sector, appeared. Those two new systems of production were the
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domestic or putting out system and factories. The domestic or putting
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out system consisted in merchants traders who usually lived in cities
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providing raw materials and tools to peasants who lived in rural areas those
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peasants made products made goods who were sold back to those merchants who
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had provided the tools and raw materials that's the first new system of
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production of the 18th century, and then factories. Factories, and by factory I
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mean a place in which many workers worked together to make, to produce any
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good or commodities, appeared, were established in the 18th century
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especially by the monarchs, by kings and queens. Usually factories, these new
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factories produced luxury products such luxury products as silk or porcelain for instance.
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It's also important regarding the economy of the 18th century to stress the very idea that trade,
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international trade grew in importance. Triangular trade between Europe, Africa
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and America became especially important. In this context of triangular trade
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between Europe, Africa and America, Africa provided slaves who were transferred
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to America. In America, workers, including African slaves, worked in such areas as
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the Caribbean Sea to produce such commodities as sugar, coffee, and tobacco,
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which were transferred to Europe. In Europe, Europeans consumed those
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American products, those American commodities. Europeans also produced some
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goods, some luxuries which were transferred to America and consumed and
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used by Americans. It's really important to remember that this system, this
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triangular trade between Europe, America and Africa was under the control of
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Europeans, was under the control of the bourgeoisie, the European bourgeoisie and
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and by bourgeoisie, I mean merchants and traders.
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From a social perspective, there were three main estates or social groups in the ancient regime.
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The nobility and the clergy were the privileged groups, and remember they were privileged because they didn't have to pay taxes,
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and then the third estate, the third estate was the third social group.
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Within the Third Estate there were other, there were different social groups like peasants, artisans and the bourgeoisie, merchants.
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This point is really important because you see merchants or some merchants who grew wealthier and wealthier during the 18th century
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belonged to the Third Estate, which is to say they didn't have the same political rights as the clergy and the nobility.
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The bourgeoisie, although they were very rich in some cases, didn't have the same privileges
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as the nobility and the clergy.
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Here in this image you can see a peasant sustaining the clergy, a nun, and the nobility, a lady.
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From a social perspective, it's also important I emphasize the very idea that during the
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18th century, population grew in Europe.
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Population growth was especially important in such countries as Russia, Italy and England.
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It's also important to remember the idea that the bourgeoisie rose, that the bourgeoisie
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merchants grew wealthier and wealthier during the 18th century.
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Then from the political perspective, there were two main political systems, two systems
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of government in the 18th century.
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The first one was absolute monarchies, in absolute monarchies the monarch concentrated
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all the powers, all powers of the kingdom.
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The best example was France, but there were other political systems in the 18th century.
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Apart from absolute monarchies, there were parliamentary monarchies.
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In parliamentary monarchies, the monarch, the king or the queen, on the one hand, and
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the parliament, on the other hand, shared power.
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It doesn't mean that parliamentary monarchies were democratic or something like that.
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It just means that the monarch and the parliament shared power.
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The best example is England, the United Kingdom, since 1707.
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The Netherlands was another example of parliamentary monarchy.
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From the political perspective, it's also important you take into account two revolutions
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which took place in the 17th and 18th centuries before the French Revolution.
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And these revolutions were important because somehow were precedents of the French Revolution.
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In other words, we cannot understand the French Revolution of 1789 without taking the English
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and the American Revolution into account.
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The English Revolution, or the English Revolutions, because actually there were two English Revolutions,
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took place in the 17th century.
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As a result of the English Revolutions of the 17th century, a new system emerged in
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England, a system in which the monarchy had limited rights, a system in which the monarchy
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shared power with the Parliament.
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The second revolution was the American Revolution, also known as the Independence of the United
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States, which started in 1776.
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The United States were, before 1776, a colony of England, it was an English-British colony.
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Actually before 1776 the United States of America were known as the Thirteen Colonies,
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thirteen colonies of the United Kingdom. After a long war, the United States
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became independent and the United States established a new
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political system, a republic in which powers were not concentrated on the same
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hands, a republic which ensured the separation of powers. Remember this is
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important because again the English revolutions and the independence of the
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United States or American Revolution were essential precedents of the French
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Revolution. Finally from a cultural and ideological perspective I must
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stress the importance, the significance of the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment
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the Enlightenment was an ideological movement based on vision, on logical thought, and on empiricism as the only way to understand the world.
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Somehow, the Enlightenment derived from humanism, which emerged in the 16th century.
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As a result of this perspective, the importance of vision, logical thought and empiricism as the only way to understand the world, science and technology progressed.
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You know, there were also political consequences of the Enlightenment.
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the Enlightenment, this general approach based on vision, had a very important
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effect on the political systems, especially on absolute monarchies. There
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were absolute monarchs who were supported by enlightened ideas. They were
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supported by enlightened ideas because although they thought that power should
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be concentrated on the hands of the monarch, at the same time they thought
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that monarchs should try to modernize the state, should try to rationalize the administration
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and promote economic progress.
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The name of this system was Enlightened Despotism, in Castellano, Despotismo Ilustrado.
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And the motto of Enlightened Monarchs was all for the people, nothing by the people.
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El lema de los monarcas absolutos ilustrados era
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Todo para el pueblo pero sin el pueblo.
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Now, there were some important political proposals by enlightened thinkers and philosophers.
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The most important were Montesquieu, Rousseau and Voltaire.
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I will stress the very political ideas of Montesquieu
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Montesquieu proposed that power should not be concentrated on the hands of a
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single person, of the monarch. He thought that power should be divided among
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different institutions. He thought that the executive power should be under
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the control of monarchs. He thought that legislative power should be in the hands
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of Parliament and he thought that the judicial power should be in the
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hands of judges of courts. This idea of separation of powers in contrast to
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concentration of power is very important for you to understand the French
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Revolution. I will end here and we will continue in class.
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- Autor/es:
- José Luis Gasch Tomás
- Subido por:
- Jose Luis G.
- Licencia:
- Reconocimiento - Compartir igual
- Visualizaciones:
- 5
- Fecha:
- 13 de junio de 2023 - 10:16
- Visibilidad:
- Clave
- Centro:
- IES AVENIDA DE LOS TOREROS
- Duración:
- 13′ 53″
- Relación de aspecto:
- 1.87:1
- Resolución:
- 1280x684 píxeles
- Tamaño:
- 35.83 MBytes
