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The United Nations - Contenido educativo

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Subido el 5 de mayo de 2023 por Luis H.

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we are going to explain the main goal after the Second World War, the aftermath of the Second 00:00:00
World War, which was establishing peace. The new countries who were calling the shots in politics, 00:00:06
the United States above all, forced the rest of the countries of Western Europe to implement 00:00:17
democratic systems. And that's why the main goal after the Second World War was establishing peace. 00:00:23
So let's travel to this moment. Let's travel to this moment in history, because at the end of 00:00:32
the Second World War and at the beginning of the period of peace, the allies, I mean, 00:00:40
the United States, the UK, and also France were interested. They were interested in implementing 00:00:49
wartime conferences to create a new order, to create a new order based on peace. 00:01:01
So even before the war ended, that's really important to point out, 00:01:10
even before the war ended, the allies, the United States, the UK, together with France, 00:01:18
set up different conferences. They held different conferences to address two important problems 00:01:27
that the Second World War brought to 1945. They held different conferences to address 00:01:35
two different, two main problems. One problem was, without doubt, Yemeni, because the Nazi 00:01:49
system collapsed after the Second World War. And the second problem was Eastern Europe, 00:02:00
because the Nazis retreated from Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union took advantage of this moment 00:02:08
and they took over as many countries as possible. Estanin wanted to take over as many countries as 00:02:16
possible on Eastern Europe. And that's why the allies were really concerned about it. They were 00:02:24
really concerned about two different problems. One, Yemeni, and the other one, the problem 00:02:31
on the Eastern part of Europe. And that's why they held three different conferences 00:02:40
that we are going to study in a minute. The first one, tell me, Alejandro. 00:02:48
In these conferences, there were present representatives from UK, France, and USA 00:02:56
only. Above all, the big three. Who were the big three? The big three were Churchill from the UK, 00:03:04
Roosevelt from the United States, and also Stalin from the Soviet Union. 00:03:15
And Truman? 00:03:23
In the first one, in 1943, Roosevelt was still alive and that's why he was involved in the first 00:03:26
conference. And then Truman died and he was replaced by President Truman. And what happened 00:03:34
with France? Because France was another ally. But France was very controversial, very, very 00:03:40
polemic at that time. It's situation because they were collaborating with the Nazis. In 1943, 00:03:51
the Vichy government was collaborating. They were in decline, but they were collaborating with the 00:04:01
Nazis. And that's why, obviously, the Vichy government didn't take part in the conversations, 00:04:07
but also the Free French. The Free French who were in favor of the allies, 00:04:17
whose leader was de Gaulle. De Gaulle, who was in London, if you remember. Thank you for the 00:04:26
questions to clarify. So let's pay attention to the conference in Tehran, which is the capital of 00:04:32
Iran. In this city, it took place the first conference in November in 1943. It took place 00:04:39
the first conference in Tehran. In this conference, the big three, they were called the big three 00:04:50
because they were calling the shots in the wall at that moment. 00:04:59
Stalin, together with Roosevelt and Churchill, took part in the deliberations in the conversations 00:05:03
in Tehran. The conversations and the conference was from November to December in 1943. I mean, 00:05:10
after the Battle of the Kursk. And in this conference, what were the conclusions of this 00:05:19
conference? In this conference, the big three all agreed together that the Soviet Union 00:05:24
would take over the countries in the Baltics. I mean, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. 00:05:35
And also, they all agreed that the Soviet Union shouldn't occupy the vast majority of the countries 00:05:46
on Eastern Europe. So in this conference, above all, Churchill and Stalin divided the countries 00:05:57
on Eastern Europe, some of them to the Allies' influence and others to the Stalin's influence. 00:06:13
So again, in the conference of Tehran, they made two different conclusions. 00:06:25
The Baltic, all Baltic countries would be for the Soviet Union, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania. 00:06:30
And they agreed also that some countries on Eastern Europe would be for the Allies and 00:06:39
other countries for the Soviet Union. For example, they all agreed that Eastern Poland 00:06:48
would be for the Soviet Union. So after this conference, Stalin took over the Baltic countries, 00:06:57
and also he took over the East of Poland. Eastern Poland 00:07:06
was the conclusion in the first conference. Now we're going to explain the second conference, 00:07:19
which happened later on at the end of the war. The second conference was in Yalta, 00:07:25
in the capital of Crimea, in the Crimean Peninsula. And it happened in February, 00:07:33
at the end of the war, in February 1945. What happened in the conference, in the Yalta 00:07:39
conference? In this conference, the Big Three, Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin 00:07:46
reached different conclusions. In Yalta, as we can see here in their faces, they were very, 00:07:53
very sad because they were collaborating before, but now the Cold War was approaching. 00:08:01
Churchill didn't want to collaborate with Stalin. He was against communism. He was really afraid of 00:08:11
Stalin. And that's why they reached different conclusions. All of them agreed, all of them 00:08:19
agreed that in Western Europe, they would restore the democratic governments on the Western part of 00:08:29
Europe. They all agreed to restore the democratic governments on Western Europe. This is the first 00:08:41
conclusion. The second one was again in Poland, and it was different than in Tehran. 00:08:52
They made some territorial changes in Poland. Actually, they divided Poland into two parts. 00:09:02
They divided Poland into two parts, divided by the Kurson Line, because it was Kurson, 00:09:10
the one who decided, who made this plan. He made the plan to divide Poland into two different parts, 00:09:21
the East for the Soviet Union, and the West for the new Polish state. And the new Polish state 00:09:31
would take over some territories from Germany, all these territories in yellow. 00:09:42
The new Polish state was created with the city of Gdansk, Danzig, and Broklaw in Poland. 00:09:51
They used to be German cities, Gdansk and Broklaw, but now the new Polish state took over 00:10:00
these new territories as they lost all these territories in the East, which were given 00:10:10
to the Soviet Union. And what was the second change? The second change happened in Germany. 00:10:20
In Yalta, the Big Three also agreed to divide Germany into four military zones. 00:10:31
They all agreed to divide Germany into four military zones. One, for example, here in green 00:10:40
for Great Britain, the other one in the south for France, and another one to the United States, 00:10:50
and the final one, the fourth, for the Soviet Union. So they divided Germany into four different 00:11:01
parts. And in turn, the city of Berlin was divided also into four different parts, 00:11:09
three of them for the Allies and the other one for the Soviet Union. So the situation 00:11:30
was shocking for the Berlinese people because they found at the end of the war that its city 00:11:37
was divided into four different parts, and each city was inside of the Russian part, 00:11:48
the part that was controlled by the Soviet Union. But class, this is not the moment when the 00:11:59
Berlin Wall was built. The Berlin Wall was built in 1961 because many, many people around the year 00:12:06
1960 wanted to leave East Germany as the standards of living in the Allies zone were better by a long 00:12:16
way than in the East part controlled by the Soviet Union. Education, for example, 00:12:27
and other services were really good in the East part of Germany, the East, which was controlled 00:12:34
by the Soviet Union. But the salaries, wages were lower by a long way in the East compared to the 00:12:44
West, and that's why many people left Eastern Germany around the year 1960. And for this reason, 00:12:52
Khrushchev, who was the president in the USSR at that time, decided to implement, to build 00:13:02
the Berlin Wall so as to avoid many people at that time leaving from Eastern Germany to the West. 00:13:11
Okay, we have a question from Elia. Elia. 00:13:19
Why is Bremen part of the United States? 00:13:24
Because Bremen was a special and important port in Europe, actually one of the best ones. 00:13:30
And the United States didn't take part in the war so as to leave this special port to the 00:13:41
British or to the French. Actually, in reality, the British and the French were not able to 00:13:56
control their zones. And in reality, the United States controlled all zones, the three of them, 00:14:05
and they created a federal system, political system in the West, which was the region of the 00:14:14
Federal Republic of Germany. Okay, but we will see that later. This part was called 00:14:25
in the future, due to the crisis in Berlin, which happened in 1948, the democratic 00:14:36
Germany, which was controlled by the Soviet Union, and the federal Germany was controlled 00:14:44
by the United States. And it was terrible for the Berlinese people because its city 00:14:50
was inside of the Soviet part, surrounded by the Soviet part. Imagine some Berlinese people 00:14:56
who were living in the Allied zone, they were surrounded by the Soviet part, which caused, 00:15:04
I would say terrible, because it caused some controversy because they were surrounded by the 00:15:11
Soviet and there was a lot of tension for the reason between the Allies and the Soviet Union. 00:15:21
So all these changes were made in the Yalta Conference. They created three different things, 00:15:27
they divided Poland into two different parts, they divided Germany and Berlin, and also they all 00:15:34
agreed to implement democratic governments on Western Europe. And the final one was Potsdam. 00:15:40
Potsdam, which was one city in Germany, and the conference in Potsdam took place at the end, 00:15:48
actually at the end of the war, from July to August in 1945. And this conference was focused 00:15:58
on Germany, above all. They were focused on Germany, and the big three, in this case, 00:16:07
this is the moment when President Truman replaced Roosevelt, and we have here the first image of the 00:16:16
conference in July with Churchill, Truman, and Stalin. But actually, what happened in this 00:16:26
picture? Three months later, Churchill lost his elections in Great Britain, and for that reason, 00:16:33
he was replaced by the leader of the Labour Party, the Partido Laborista, the Labour Party, 00:16:41
was Clement Adly. And he, Adly, replaced Churchill in the conference. So many, many changes. 00:16:49
I think people in Great Britain were tired of war, and that's why they gave 00:16:58
their vote to Clement Adly, who promised many, many changes in Great Britain. 00:17:07
Clement Adly was focused on creating the welfare state in Great Britain, giving more money to 00:17:13
hospitals, to the healthcare system, to education, and that's why people in Great Britain gave their 00:17:20
vote to Clement Adly instead of Churchill, who was a figure from the war, and people were tired 00:17:27
of war. Okay, what happened in Potsdam? In Potsdam, they were focused on Germany, and they gave four 00:17:34
solutions to the problem of Germany. The first one, they decided that Germany should pay, again, 00:17:42
war reparations, again, war reparations. And actually, the European project started at that 00:17:50
time was to avoid a new conflict among France and Germany, because Germany should recover its 00:18:01
economy very, very soon. They didn't want to repeat the same story that happened in the First World 00:18:10
War. So, it was true that Germany should pay reparations, but they had to pay less reparations 00:18:16
that were implemented in the First World War to avoid another war. And actually, the European 00:18:23
project started at that time to avoid a new war. Also, they all agreed that Germany should be 00:18:29
demilitarized. They had to reduce their soldiers, their army, to avoid a new war. 00:18:35
Therefore, the annexations that Germany, I mean, the territories that Germany conquered 00:18:42
in the East, were reverted. So, Austria, for example, became an independent country again. 00:18:51
They kept the Rhineland, Rhenania, but Austria, for example, became an independent country again, 00:19:01
and also the Czech Republic, and above all, Poland. All these territories that Hitler 00:19:09
conquered, took over during the war, were reverted in the post-war conference. 00:19:17
And the final ones, what happened with the Nazi elite? What happened with the Nazis who were at 00:19:24
the top of the political party? They were put on trial. They were put on trial. The trial, 00:19:32
which was very, very famous, were the Nuremberg Trials. So, what happened with the Nazi members 00:19:43
of the political party who were at the top? They were basically put on trial. They were put on 00:19:49
trial. This is the name of the trial, the Nuremberg Trials, which were taking place from 00:19:57
1945 to 1946, and they chose Nuremberg on purpose. For the city of the trials, they chose 00:20:08
Nuremberg on purpose. We have here the images of the Nuremberg Trials. We have here, for example, 00:20:20
Goering, who was in charge of the Luftwaffe. Rudolf Hebs, who was one of the members of the 00:20:28
close inner circle of Hitler, the one who ruled the main camp in the Landsberg Castle, if you 00:20:38
remember. We have also Ribbentrop, the foreign minister who was in charge of the 00:20:45
Ribbentrop-Molotov Treaty, the Soviet-Yemen pact at the beginning of the war. 00:20:52
Here we have another image. As I wanted to say before, they chose Nuremberg on purpose, 00:21:00
because Nuremberg used to be a symbolic place for the Nazis. They organized the rallies there. 00:21:08
There are huge demonstrations there, and the Allies wanted to give an example to the world. 00:21:16
They put on trial in the same city, while the Nazis used to organize their massive 00:21:22
demonstrations or rallies. The question is, what happened with these people? 00:21:30
Did all Nazis receive justice, or only people who were at the top of the political party 00:21:41
receive justice? We are going to see that in a minute, but Alejandro Loera 00:21:53
has a question. Alejandro, ask away. 00:22:01
Well, I also know that the peace was in Versailles, as in the First World War. 00:22:05
So, why did the Allies sign all these treaties and make all these, for example, the trials in 00:22:14
these symbolic places for the enemy side? It's like laughing at their faces. 00:22:22
Well, they tried to do their best, and they chose some symbolic places, but actually, 00:22:32
they were not able to hold all conferences and all trials in Nuremberg. The city of Nuremberg 00:22:41
was not able to hold all trials there. There were also other trials in other cities in Germany. 00:22:50
We are always talking about the Nuremberg trials, but to be honest, there were many, 00:23:00
many trials in other cities in Western Germany. But the problem was the Cold War, in my 00:23:06
humble opinion, because the war ended at the same time that the Cold War between the Allies 00:23:18
and the Soviet Union started. Actually, one good example that I was about to explain 00:23:27
was the denazification plan. Let's talk about the denazification plan for a minute, because 00:23:34
after the Nuremberg trials, the Allies implemented a denazification plan to Germany. They wanted to 00:23:45
remove basically all Nazis from Germany. But do you think that it was possible to remove all Nazis 00:23:54
suddenly? Because Germany had many, many followers in the Nazi party, and it was true that the Allies 00:24:03
tried to remove all Nazis from Germany. This is what they tried to do in the denazification plan. 00:24:13
They succeeded in some ways, because it was true that they replaced the name of the streets, 00:24:22
as we might see here with this American soldier who is replacing the Adolf Hitler street by the 00:24:30
Roosevelt Boulevard. It was true that in one way or another, some Nazi teachers, Nazi doctors, 00:24:40
Nazi owners of the factories lost their jobs, but for a short period of time. Also, some 00:24:51
Nazi judges with us lost their jobs, but I'm going to point out this only for a short 00:25:01
period of time. Because when the Cold War started and the Allies needed all these people in Germany 00:25:11
to fight against the Soviet Union, the vast majority of the doctors, teachers, lawyers, 00:25:21
judges, and owners of the factories recovered their positions in the German society. 00:25:29
I would strongly recommend to read this part in one book. If you are interested, I could 00:25:39
give you the name of the book at the end of the class. But we used to believe that the 00:25:46
denazification plan was a complete success and everybody was put on trial in Nuremberg, 00:25:54
but it wasn't true. So, what was the consequence of that after the conference? After the conference 00:26:04
of Tehran, Yalta, and Potsdam, it was created the United Nations so as to maintain peace in the world. 00:26:12
As the League of Nations was completely inefficient, it was replaced by the United Nations. 00:26:23
So, the United Nations occupied the position of the former League of Nations. As the League 00:26:34
of Nations was completely inefficient, the Allies created the United Nations instead of 00:26:43
the League of Nations. The United Nations was created, as you probably know, as you maybe know, 00:26:52
in June 1945 in San Francisco, in the United States, in the San Francisco Conference. 00:26:58
The countries which took part in the conference in San Francisco wrote a charter. They wrote a 00:27:05
charter which was signed for more than 50 countries, 50 states, and they all agreed that 00:27:15
the headquarters, the headquarters of the United Nations should be in New York. They all agreed on 00:27:23
that because remember that the United States wasn't part of the League of Nations, which was 00:27:32
one of the main weaknesses. For this reason, they all agreed to implement the headquarters, 00:27:39
to set up the headquarters in New York. There were two important institutions that you maybe know 00:27:47
in the United Nations. One was the General Assembly, 00:27:56
and the other one was the Security Council. I'm going to explain both of them in a minute. 00:28:02
But what was the main goal of the United Nations? Basically, to avoid history repeating itself, 00:28:07
to create a new order based on peace instead of war. This is the lesson that they learned 00:28:15
in the Second World War. The Second World War was the most important event in the 20th century. 00:28:25
The whole mindset, mentality changed after the Second World War. It was a moment when the 00:28:32
vast majority of the countries decided to implement a huge and strong welfare state, 00:28:39
Sofía de Binistar, with healthcare, with public education, public healthcare. 00:28:45
We are going to see now the lessons that we are going to learn from probably the most important 00:28:55
event in the 21st century, which is the coronavirus crisis, which is not only a crisis 00:29:01
in the healthcare system, but also we are looking at an economic and social crisis, 00:29:09
and we will see the lessons that we are going to learn from this crisis. 00:29:16
At that time, they learned this lesson that it was necessary to create a supranational system 00:29:21
above the nations to maintain peace. That's why the United Nations started, that's why the European 00:29:28
project started, and that's why the healthcare systems and the welfare state began in the world, 00:29:35
above all in Western Europe. Public education and public healthcare system to everybody 00:29:44
to avoid a new crisis like the Second World War. There were two important institutions in the 00:29:53
United Nations. The first one was the General Assembly, which was created with the voting 00:30:00
practice of one country, one vote, because the main goal in the General Assembly was to give 00:30:07
voice to the less powerful states, and that's why in the General Assembly, 00:30:18
you have all countries in the world to give voice to the less powerful states. 00:30:24
But what happened with the richest countries? What happened with the richest countries? 00:30:33
Obviously, all richest countries didn't agree with this idea, and to give a solution to their 00:30:38
richest countries, it was created another institution in the United Nations, which was 00:30:49
the Security Council. The Security Council was composed in theory, it was composed of 15 00:30:55
countries, but five of them were permanent. Who were the permanent countries? The ones who won 00:31:11
the war, the United States, the UK, France, China, because they reduced the level of influence of 00:31:21
the Japanese government after the war, and also the Soviet Union, which is now Russia. 00:31:39
All of them were part of the Security Council, they are permanent, 00:31:45
and they were ruling basically in the world. I'm going to finish with the goals of the 00:31:51
United Nations, but we have several questions before. Antonio Relanos, Alejandro Loera, 00:31:59
Antonio first. First, can you repeat the five permanent countries? 00:32:06
The ones who won the war, who won the war? China, France, China and Asia. 00:32:18
Yeah, France, UK, France, UK, Russia, Russia, and the United States. And then what do you mean 00:32:24
with permanent countries? I mean, what does permanent mean? 00:32:36
They are always in the Security Council, and it's very important to be in the Security Council, 00:32:39
because if they made a decision, if one country made a decision in the General Assembly, 00:32:45
the Security Council, which is this place, this institution, here they have the right 00:32:55
to implement one veto. And what does it mean this? If one country here implemented a resolution, 00:33:03
you have studied this maybe in global classrooms, if one country from the Security Council is 00:33:13
against that, they might implement the veto, and this resolution is not going to carry on. 00:33:20
Okay, thank you. Welcome to the reality. Why? Because in the Security Council, 00:33:28
the main objective was to respect the role and influence of the most powerful countries in the 00:33:38
world. But we're going to finish with the goals in theory of the United Nations. Basically, 00:33:44
it was to maintain world peace in the world, to peaceful resolutions. 00:33:53
They wanted also to implement international cooperation between countries, and to respect 00:34:00
the human rights, so as to avoid history repeating itself, so as to avoid another war. 00:34:06
Autor/es:
Luis Horrillo Sánchez
Subido por:
Luis H.
Licencia:
Todos los derechos reservados
Visualizaciones:
14
Fecha:
5 de mayo de 2023 - 9:50
Visibilidad:
Público
Centro:
IES CERVANTES
Duración:
34′ 16″
Relación de aspecto:
1.78:1
Resolución:
1920x1080 píxeles
Tamaño:
1.09

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