Saltar navegación

Activa JavaScript para disfrutar de los vídeos de la Mediateca.

EARLY MODERN EUROPE EXPLAINED IN 11 MINUTES - Contenido educativo

Ajuste de pantalla

El ajuste de pantalla se aprecia al ver el vídeo en pantalla completa. Elige la presentación que más te guste:

Subido el 16 de febrero de 2024 por Alicia M.

50 visualizaciones

Más información Transcripción

Descargar la transcripción

This video is brought to you by Captivating History. 00:00:00
Students of history are usually familiar with the historian's desire to neatly compartmentalize the 00:00:04
human race's story. We like to break down the past into neat little chunks that make it easier 00:00:09
to study, compare, and track progress, as in the chapters of a book. However, 00:00:15
novice historians may be a little confused by the label early modern Europe. Geographically, 00:00:21
Thankfully, we are clear. We are talking about continental Europe. But early and modern seem 00:00:28
to be strange qualifiers. It is somewhat dispiriting that the American historian 00:00:34
Jack Goldstone actually calls it a wholly meaningless term. But it is widely used to 00:00:39
denote a time between medieval and modernity, between the Middle Ages and the Industrial Age. 00:00:45
Therefore, historians try to differentiate this time period as different from the medieval area 00:00:51
that went before, but preceding the changes during the Industrial Revolution to come after. 00:00:57
Hence, the messy term, early modern Europe. Roughly speaking, we are addressing the years 00:01:03
between the late 15th century and the late 18th century. Regardless of the persisting 00:01:08
problems of periodization, Europe underwent numerous transitions during this time. 00:01:14
Whether we are talking about the Reformation, the Renaissance, or the rise of rationalism, 00:01:20
Europe experienced fundamental changes in society, religion, ideas, and everyday life. 00:01:25
Pinpointing a start date can be helpful. Many historians used the invention of the 00:01:32
first European movable type printing process in 1450 by Gutenberg as a beginning point for the 00:01:37
early modern period in Europe. Movable type allowed individual characters to be arranged 00:01:43
to form words, making the written word more accessible to vast swathes of European populations. 00:01:49
This is a natural starting point for historians, as it helps to frame the importance of the 00:01:55
spreading of ideas in shaping the following centuries. 00:02:00
Thanks to the printing press, new and influential works by the likes of Martin Luther, Thomas 00:02:04
More, and Nicholas Machiavelli were broadly read, discussed, and dwelled upon in a way 00:02:09
that wasn't possible before this invention. 00:02:14
Martin Luther himself often features early in any curriculum content for early modern 00:02:18
Europe. 00:02:23
because the Reformation narrative usually begins with the pinning of his 95 feces on the door of 00:02:24
the Wittenberg Church in Germany in 1570. Martin Luther and his followers were voicing their anger 00:02:30
at perceived corruption within the Catholic Church, specifically criticizing the practice 00:02:36
of indulgences. This initiated the Great Schism within Christendom, changing the religious 00:02:41
landscape of Europe for the coming centuries. Along with other Protestant reformers such as 00:02:47
John Calvin and Holdrick Zwingli, Martin Luther led movements that questioned the church's 00:02:53
authority but progressed to address theological doctrinal issues. Ideas such as sola fide, 00:02:58
by faith alone, and sola scriptura, by scripture alone, insisted that the Bible was the only 00:03:04
authority for Christian practice and that salvation lies solely in belief. These ideas 00:03:10
were transformative and sowed division as several denominations of Protestant doctrine emerged, 00:03:17
including Lutherans, Calvinists, Anglicanism, and Anabaptists, all with different interpretations 00:03:22
in how to practice their faith. It is difficult to understand the significance the Reformation 00:03:29
played in European people's lives, not least because of the warfare that resulted as countries 00:03:34
became affiliated with either Protestantism or Catholicism, leading to religious conflicts. 00:03:40
The most significant of these was the Thirty Years' War, from 1618 to 1648, ending with the 00:03:46
Peace of Westphalia. Centered around the Holy Roman Empire in states that make up modern-day 00:03:53
Germany and Central Europe, the conflict was initiated with Ferdinand II's ascension to 00:03:59
head of state of the Holy Roman Empire. A striding Catholic, Ferdinand attempted to 00:04:04
impose his faith on his subjects, contradicting the Peace of Augsburg Treaty from the previous 00:04:09
century, there was an early attempt to enshrine certain religious freedoms. Many German regions 00:04:14
were governed by Protestant princes and rejected Ferdinand's authority to impose religious laws 00:04:20
upon their domains, providing the spark for a prolonged conflict. Over the next thirty years, 00:04:25
much of Central Europe became embroiled in the war, with Habsburg pro-Catholic states 00:04:32
fighting in several arenas against the northern Protestant provinces and the Scandinavian states. 00:04:37
The war was a complex struggle, and historians often point to the stunning lack of diplomacy 00:04:43
as a factor for the brutal and continual nature of the destruction. As the war continued, 00:04:49
its reasoning became less about the initial religious schism and more about how Europe 00:04:54
would be governed in the aftermath. Whatever the reasons and ambitions of the leadership, 00:04:59
the lasting impact on Central Europe's people was catastrophic. It is estimated that around 00:05:04
30% of the entire German population died during the conflict. These deaths were not just direct 00:05:10
victims of the battles. They were victims of the disease and famine that afflicted the region as 00:05:16
armies decimated their way through the land. Ultimately, the conflict ended with the Peace 00:05:22
of Westphalia, which reinstated the Peace of Augsburg. All states agreed to uphold the 00:05:27
principle that the prince had the right to determine his domain's religion. But there 00:05:33
But there would also be freedom of worship for all faiths during allotted times and at 00:05:37
will in private. 00:05:41
The lasting impact of the peace is difficult to assess. 00:05:43
However, historians claim that in the wake of the Thirty Years' War, Catholic states 00:05:47
essentially gave up on attempting to reclaim land for their true faith. 00:05:51
This ideological quest became less important as a more modern sense of realpolitik took 00:05:56
over as states vied for power, solely for the sake of power. 00:06:01
For instance, the Counter-Reformation took on a different tone as Catholics looked to 00:06:06
the international scale for converts with the work of Sassanids like the Jesuits. 00:06:11
This marked a sharp change from the Inquisition policies that sought to root out and harshly 00:06:15
punish heresy throughout Europe. 00:06:21
The religious makeup of Europe was a broad spectrum of faiths, and across the continent, 00:06:23
different narratives surfaced involving conflicts, appeasements, uprisings, and persecution. 00:06:28
Nevertheless, over this period, the story concerns a more accepting stance on freedom 00:06:34
of religion. 00:06:39
Another running theme through the early modern period of Europe is the pursuit of knowledge, 00:06:41
though this takes many forms. 00:06:46
One manifestation of this comes in another label – the Age of Discovery. 00:06:48
With Columbus' landing on Hispaniola in 1492, so began an Age of Discovery in which 00:06:53
the states of Europe raced to explore and claim new lands for their own. 00:06:59
Dutch and Portuguese traders establishing outposts in Southeast Asia to the Spanish 00:07:04
conquest of the Americas, Europeans began an ever-increasing engagement with the broader world. 00:07:09
Though the accumulation of wealth was, of course, the primary motivation, 00:07:15
a curiosity at the heart of expansionism is characteristic of the time. 00:07:19
The establishment of new trade routes brought new materials and luxurious items to Europe, 00:07:24
and the often exploitative nature of European imperialism also brought colossal wealth to 00:07:30
those involved. However, this often came at the expense of colonized populations, 00:07:35
as indigenous people were often subject to overwork, massacres, and were vulnerable to 00:07:41
European diseases. Also, the popularity of new products like sugar and cotton led to the need 00:07:46
for massive plantations, contributing to the trade of enslaved peoples. This contradiction 00:07:52
is a reminder that the benefits stemming from the Age of Discovery came with a dark 00:07:59
mark against European states. Progress in fields such as mapmaking, navigation, botany, 00:08:03
and the more general spreading of ideas – via books and the more ease of travel – came at a 00:08:09
considerable price for some. Coinciding with Europeans' great desire to explore and expand 00:08:14
their horizons, there was a gradual questioning of the status quo. Philosophers and scientists 00:08:20
alike began to analyze society's norms and found that the facts of life did not always stand up to 00:08:26
rational examination. Collectively, these earned the label of Enlightenment thinkers, and they 00:08:32
formed the foundation of study for another label, the Age of Reason. Covering a broad array of 00:08:38
scientific and philosophic innovations, the Enlightenment built upon Renaissance principles, 00:08:45
literally meaning a rebirth, and constitutes ambitious attempts to rethink the world's ways 00:08:50
completely. Though individual Enlightenment thinkers had different approaches, they 00:08:56
unanimously held the ambitious belief that humanity could be improved by instituting 00:09:01
rational change. From Rousseau's insights in the social contract to John Locke's essay concerning 00:09:06
human understanding, thinkers engaged in dialogue across Europe that questioned the authority of 00:09:12
absolute monarchies. The scientific discoveries of Isaac Newton's Principia Mathematica and the 00:09:17
works of natural philosophers such as Galileo Galli helped usher in a wave of scientific 00:09:23
progress, a scientific revolution based on a new, advanced understanding of the scientific method. 00:09:29
Again, the widespread impact of Enlightenment thinking cannot be understated. Whereas history 00:09:35
can be assessed in terms of causes and effects of events, the study of changes in mentality 00:09:41
needs to take a longer view. A straight line can be drawn from the Enlightenment's early 00:09:47
questioning texts to the Declaration of Independence written by Thomas Jefferson 00:09:52
and the texts surrounding the French Revolution. These two cataclysmic events shook the European 00:09:56
world of absolute monarchy and paved the way for the modern nation-state building Napoleonic era. 00:10:02
It is around the time of these two revolutions that historians indicate the shift to modernity. 00:10:08
The monumental political change and the increasing mechanization of industry 00:10:14
are deemed significant enough to constitute a shift to a new era. Breezing through a period 00:10:18
of 300 years that warrants much further study is a challenge. It is essential to reflect on 00:10:24
the lives of the ordinary people of Europe to understand the transformative changes. 00:10:30
It is easy to get lost in kings and queens' decisions, in heady philosophical texts, 00:10:35
and in the intrigues of war and diplomacy. A European peasant in 1500 lived in a religiously 00:10:40
uniform feudal society based on handicrafts. He lived in a decentralized kingdom entirely 00:10:47
controlled by a political elite and had little knowledge of the outside world. 00:10:53
By 1800, he lived in a capitalist world fueled by mechanized industry. He had the freedom to worship 00:10:57
whatever he chose and may have had notions of his natural rights and popular politics. 00:11:04
He now knew a whole new continent of many scientific discoveries and probably considered 00:11:10
himself a patriot of a burgeoning nation-state. To learn more about early modern Europe, 00:11:15
then check out our book, Early Modern Europe – A Captivating Guide to the Period in European 00:11:21
History with Events Such as the Thirty Years' War and the Salem Witch Hunts, and Political 00:11:26
Powers Such as England and the Ottoman Empire. It's available as an e-book, paperback, and 00:11:31
audiobook. Also, grab your free mythology bundle e-book for free while still available. All links 00:11:36
are in the description. If you enjoyed the video, please hit the like button and subscribe for more 00:11:43
videos like this. 00:11:48
Subido por:
Alicia M.
Licencia:
Dominio público
Visualizaciones:
50
Fecha:
16 de febrero de 2024 - 7:04
Visibilidad:
Público
Centro:
IES LA SENDA
Duración:
11′ 50″
Relación de aspecto:
1.78:1
Resolución:
1920x1080 píxeles
Tamaño:
316.39 MBytes

Del mismo autor…

Ver más del mismo autor

EducaMadrid, Plataforma Educativa de la Comunidad de Madrid

Plataforma Educativa EducaMadrid