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PRIMARY SECTOR - FACTORS OF PRODUCTION - Contenido educativo
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Hello everyone and welcome to the unit 2 that is the primary sector. As I told you
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in class I'm going to make some videos to make the explanations easier of these
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topics and so what you have in the first slide of the presentation that you can
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find already in habla virtual is the index of the unit with the page numbers
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that are from your textbook but today we are going to focus on the first point
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that is the factors of the agrarian production that you have on the page 26
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and today apart from that we are going to see some basic concepts about the
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primary sector and in the third slide what you can find is a concept map about
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agriculture that I think can be interesting for you to have some basic
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information at hand, okay? First of all, what's the primary sector? If you
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remember the activities that are carried out in this sector are related with the
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extraction of raw materials from nature and normally they are not modified
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because they will be modified in the secondary sector by the industries and
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And these activities normally are carried out in the rural space, in rural areas, in the countryside.
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And we are going to see today which are the differences between rural, primary sector or agriculture.
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If you want to have a definition, a good definition, we have it here.
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And even though normally we speak about primary sector, you are going to see that most of the information is related with the agriculture because it's the most important activity.
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So, first of all, when we speak about agrarian landscapes or agriculture, we are going to make reference to the activity of cultivation of crops.
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For example, what you have on the background picture.
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But then, if we speak about primary sector, more activities are involved, like livestock, forestry or fishing.
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Finally, all these activities are carried out in rural areas, in the countryside, but
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in rural areas we don't have only primary sector activities.
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We also have habitats where the people live, we also have tertiary activities, for example
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services, and we also have secondary activities that normally are based on the transformation
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of the raw materials that are obtained in the primary sector.
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Seeing that we have to start with the factors of the agrarian activity and basically because
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these activities are conditioned a lot by two different types of factors and depending
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on these factors we will have different crops or different types of livestock.
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The first category is the physical factors that are the relief, the climate and the soil
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and the second one are the human factors that are related with the human activity.
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For example, the population, the economy, the society or the politics.
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So to begin with the physical factors we have the relief, el relieve in Spanish, and depending
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on two things we can cultivate crops or not.
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For example, if the land is flat it's easier to grow crops than if the land is not flat,
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it's steep.
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If the, for example, what you can see in this picture, this rice paddies, this surface,
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the surface wasn't flat and what the farmers did was to make it flat.
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But this takes a lot of effort and it's complicated.
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So normally crops are cultivated in plains, in plateaus, in horizontal landscapes.
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Secondly, we have to take into account that the higher we are, for example in the mountains,
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colder we are as well okay so because the temperatures normally decrease
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around 6 Celsius degrees each 1000 meters in mountainous regions is very
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complicated to cultivate crops and so if the land is not flat is too high so is
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called and these are two factors that are going to condition the the
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cultivation and finally the south facing slopes of the mountains are warmer
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because they are normally facing the Sun and the north facing slopes are not so
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normally we will have more crops also in the south facing slopes in Spanish we
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call them Solana probably you have heard that word so in Spain for example more
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More than 70% of the land is between 200 and 1000 meters, which is not terrible, but we
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have also a lot of mountains like the Pyrenees, La Cordillera Cantabrica, El Sistema Ibérico
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and so on, and that's going to make the cultivation of crops complicated.
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Normally, agriculture is going to be developed at the coastal plains in Valencia, Murcia,
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Almería, La Depresión del Guadalquivir, and in the northern plateau, La Submeseta Norte,
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and the southern plateau, La Submeseta Sur.
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In the mountainous regions, like the Sistema Central, for example, mainly the land is used
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for grazing, which means for feeding animals, for livestock.
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Then, the second physical factor is the climate.
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Normally, to cultivate crops we need a minimum of temperature of 6 Celsius degrees, because
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if the temperatures are too low, the crops can die.
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Also as you probably know, plants need water, so the minimum precipitation, the minimum
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amount of rainfall should be 250 millimeters per year, and if it rains more than 500 millimeters
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per year, it's also bad, okay, because the crops can get rotten.
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Básicamente, que si no llueve, se secan las plantas, y si llueve demasiado, se pueden
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podrir.
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Si hace mucho frío, se congelan, y si hiciera mucho calor, aunque no lo he puesto aquí,
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se pueden secar también.
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For example, in Spain, we have a Mediterranean climate, so normally, the rainfall is irregular.
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It normally rains in autumn and spring, and in summer, normally it doesn't rain.
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We also have some problems like droughts, sequias, and extreme temperatures.
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And sometimes we also have some hazards like hail storms or heat waves or floods.
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So all of this is bad for crops.
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You have an explanation here about the Spanish Mediterranean climate, but normally what you
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need to know about this is that there are three types of crops that are really good
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for this climate. Wheat, trigo, grapes, uvas and olive trees, olivos. At the coast we can
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have also fruit trees, frutales, like orange trees that we have in Valencia. And in the
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north of Spain because it's too humid and it rains a lot and it doesn't have so much
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sunlight we can have some crops like apple or pear trees and potatoes but and
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the other type of plants are not common and most of the time most of the
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serving most of the locations in the north the land is used for grazing plots
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but para alimentar al ganado para alimentar a las vacas. In Spain also
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another factor related with the climate is watering if it doesn't rain the plants
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not going to receive enough rainfall enough water so most of the types of farming that we have are
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dry farming that in spanish we call secano and the irrigation farming regadio plantas
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is not that common okay the natural vegetation of spain is decayed or removed which means that
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the original plants of spain has almost disappeared the last physical factor is
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soil or ground, basically because if we don't have fertile soil we can't cultivate plants.
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For example in this picture you have a soil that is fertile, that has a good pH, I don't know if
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you have learned about this in biology, and normally this is deep and drained so it's good.
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These two pictures are showing you a bad soil in which we are not going to be able to cultivate
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anything this is the types of soil that we have in the world so in the north or the south or the
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saharan desert or the mountains the soil is not good for cultivation okay in spain
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normally as i told you the mountains are not good but the mesetas the plains of the coast
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la depresión del hebron y la depresión del guadalquivir,
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these are regions that are good for cultivation.
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Then, the human factors.
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We're going to start with population.
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Normally, the highest the population, the highest the necessity of food,
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for example, in China.
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Vamos, que si hay mucha gente, necesitamos producir mucho,
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y esto va a condicionar que necesitemos producir mucho más.
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Then, the less people working in the primary sector,
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the more necessity of technology.
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Vamos, que si hay poca gente que quiera trabajar en agricultura y se vacía el campo, lo normal es que se invierta más en tecnología para intentar poder recoger y cultivar estos productos.
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The consequences of these factors in the world is that more land is exploited because the population is increasing very fast.
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we use a lot of irrigation so we are using too much water we use pesticides so we can produce
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more machinery etc and this is the amount of people that work in the primary sector in the
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world so as you can see the non-developed countries like the ones that we have in central
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africa in some parts of asia are the countries in which we have more people working in the primary
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sector while in the developed countries for example the european ones north america australia
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new zealand japan there is less people working in the primary sector so we use more technology
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in spain there is not a lot of population working in the primary sector only a 4.4 percent more or
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less in 2014 and the consequence of this is that we are going to use a lot of machines
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and there is an economic crisis in the agrarian regions because we have an economic crisis many
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of these people are leaving the rural areas and they are moving to the cities that that is what
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we call rural exodus i don't know if you learned that last year but basically it consists on people
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leaving the countryside to live in cities in spain we call the situation
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la situación de la España vaciada, que seguro que lo habéis escuchado alguna vez, aunque sea en la
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tele, en sitios como Soria, Ciudad Real, Albacete, que la gente se está marchando y se está yendo a
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vivir sobre todo a Madrid, al País Vasco, a Cataluña, etc. In Spain, the amount of people we have is
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around 47 million people, but Spain produce more than we need, so normally we export,
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we sell to other countries then the economic factor or technology technological
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basically it's we can summarize it in four well in five the type of activity that is carried out
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if it's agriculture livestock forestry normally if all of them are done at the same time is because
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the economy is not good. The use of land. If it's intensive, we produce a lot in
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small spaces. If it is extensive, it means that we use a large space but we
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don't produce a lot. The crop variety. If we produce one thing normally, we produce
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a lot, we will have more yield, more production. If we produce a lot of
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products in the same land, polyculture, we are going to receive less production.
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The type of water usage, for example, if it's dry farming, secano, we are going to
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produce less. If it's irrigated, irrigation, si regamos, we produce more. And finally
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the agrarian techniques are very very important as well because the
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traditional techniques, like the ones that you have in this picture, are not
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going to be very productive but the modern ones will produce a lot for
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example what you can see in the picture is that nowadays sand machines are
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controlled by drones we don't even need people working in the machines okay well
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in Spain as you can see I have a lot of information here but I'm going to
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summarize it very fast most of the land of Spain is used for agriculture and the
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use of land in Spain basically is more intensive than extensive, but the
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European Union, la Unión Europea, is forcing Spain to use more extensive
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agriculture because we are destroying our soil. Estamos destruyendo el suelo de
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España con la agricultura. The Spanish agriculture mainly is
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technified, es decir, tiene mucha tecnología. We use machinery, es decir,
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muchas máquinas como los tractores, las cosechadoras. GMOs are genetically modified organism, son
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los transgénicos, que a lo mejor habéis oído hablar de ellos, que son plantas o semillas
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que han sido modificadas genéticamente y producen muchísimo. Fertilizers, fertilizantes
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para el suelo, chemicals, greenhouses, invernaderos and so on. And irrigation as I told you is
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very difficult because we don't have a lot of water so dry farming is more common about the
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human factors we also have to speak about a social factor and this is going to be divided
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into in the size el tamaño and the ownership la propiedad the size is important because
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if the size of the plot of land es decir si la propiedad que pertenece a una persona
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Es pequeña y es small, en castellano lo llamamos minifundio, the productivity is also going
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to be very small because you are not going to buy a tractor for this piece of land that
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is very small.
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There is less investment in technology because you won't obtain profit.
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If the size of land is medium or large, we can use technology, we can make the investment
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So, we will obtain more profit, okay?
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Basically, if the property of...
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For example, if I have a mini-fund, I have a small property,
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the normal thing is that I do not invest in technology
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because it will cost me more in technology
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than what I will get from such a small land.
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However, if my property is medium,
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or especially if it is a latifund,
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a very large property of more than 100 hectares,
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the investment in technology will be very positive for me.
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Because I'm going to save a lot in labor.
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So what I save in workers, I invest in tractors and harvesters, for example,
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and I'm going to get a lot more benefits.
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In Spain, we have a problem with the property, with the size of the property,
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because the 55% of the large lands are only in the hands of 5.1% of the population.
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Well, I have to change a little mistake here.
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Well, as this is from Spain, I say it quickly in Spanish, that the largest properties of the land, the latifundios, are owned by very few people, only 5% of the owners of the land.
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Normally they are monocultivated and they tend to be productive, but only for a few that are going to be very rich.
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And yet, 67% of the owners have small properties, that is, minifund properties, especially in the north of Spain,
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which are very unproductive, they have many crops, they are family gardens, and this makes these agricultural properties quite poor,
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that is, they obtain very little benefit.
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Another factor is the land ownership, la tenencia de la tierra, la propiedad de la tierra, that
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can be private, privada, or public, pública o estatal.
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Normally, what we have is private land that can be used by the farmer, tenencia directa,
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la usa directamente el agricultor.
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We can have shared cropping, a parcería, that is a little bit more complicated.
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For example, if I am the owner of the land, I can give it to a farmer and this farmer, at the end of the year, by contract, will give me a percentage of the production.
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Vamos, es como un alquiler, pero en lugar de pagarme dinero, lo que me pagan es un porcentaje de la producción.
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And in rent land, arrendamiento, is a rent, es un alquiler.
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that is, they are going to pay me a little money to rent the land but all the benefits
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are taken to the farmer who uses it then we have a land that people use directly
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which is the most common in Spain the partnership that I rent the land for example but what they are going to
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give me is a percentage of what is produced and the rent that is paid in advance a rent
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un arrendamiento, pero toda la productividad, todo lo que se obtenga, va a ser para la persona
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que me ha pagado.
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In public or state-owned, we have communal lands, tierras comunales, que se trabaja entre
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muchos y obtienen todos el mismo beneficio, and cooperatives, cooperativas, in which there
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are many farmers that are producing for the state.
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The cooperatives can also be using private ownership, that is, cooperatives are also used in private property.
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For example, if many farmers who have direct tenancy cultivate their land and take it to a cooperative,
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because what they do is unite their production and their benefits to be able to have all the machinery they need.
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Normally this happens in Spain because, as I have said before, there are many
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minifund properties, many small ones and these people could not
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afford to have the machinery to make wine, for example, as they do in this
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cooperative, all these farmers.
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In Spain, as I was saying, because most of the property is exploited
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by the landowner, the rent is growing and the
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parceria tambien. Finally we have a political human factor that are the
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agrarian policies so the government if you remember in mix or in communist
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economies the government can say what the farmers have to produce how to
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produce and so on so in the European Union we have a type of agrarian policy
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that is the common agricultural policy in which the European Union is telling
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us how to produce and what to produce basically is a type of intervention done by the state so
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for example they can set the prices of products pueden establecer los precios de los productos
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they can promote special techniques pueden promover el uso de tecnología they can say
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that the European products should be the first ones to be sell, for example,
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obligate the European markets to buy European products instead of
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Moroccan, for example, or Chinese. In Spain, our agriculture is going to be based on
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the common agrarian policy of the European Union, that is, our
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agriculture, Spanish agriculture, is based or regulated by the CAP, by the
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European policy. So, as I told you, the European markets go first. What is very important about
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this is that they give grants, dan ayudas a los agricultores, por ejemplo, pues para que trabaje
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gente joven en el campo, para que obtengan más maquinaria. Este año, por ejemplo, se van a dar
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muchísimos millones de euros a los agricultores españoles para que adquieran tractores ecológicos,
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tractores que utilicen más energía eléctrica y menos gasolina.
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They promote competitiveness, competitividad, improving techniques for example or training
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farmers to obtain more benefit and nowadays sustainability is going to be very important
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in the Spanish agriculture and the European agriculture because they want to improve the
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living conditions of people that live in rural areas because normally they don't have hospitals
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education and so on so they want to promote it they want to move more
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employment in rural areas for example with the rural tourism and tourism or
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rural that's a policy of the European Union and they try to protect the
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natural environment as well so all of this information that I have explained
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about the factors of agrarian production is what you have to do or to use for the first
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exercise of the section 3 of the global classroom project.
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Basically this is the information that you have on the instructions and what you have
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to do is to research the factors of production and then to reason about them saying how they
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affect the agriculture of your country.
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For example, in Spain, the Mediterranean climate is going to affect the agriculture because
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we have a lot of sunlight, moderate rainfall, so mostly the main crops that are cultivated
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in Spain are cereals, grapes, olive trees, and so on.
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I don't know if it makes sense or not for you, but if you have questions, you can ask
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me by email or in aula virtual or in class.
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- Idioma/s:
- Autor/es:
- David Sánchez García
- Subido por:
- David S.
- Licencia:
- Todos los derechos reservados
- Visualizaciones:
- 127
- Fecha:
- 27 de octubre de 2020 - 12:06
- Visibilidad:
- Público
- Centro:
- IES ALPAJÉS
- Duración:
- 23′ 48″
- Relación de aspecto:
- 1.78:1
- Resolución:
- 1364x768 píxeles
- Tamaño:
- 114.74 MBytes
