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Don't Panic

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Subido el 11 de junio de 2020 por Manuel P.

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We live in a world of relentless change. 00:00:01
Huge migrations of people to new megacities, 00:00:11
filling soaring skyscrapers and vast slumps. 00:00:15
Revenous appetites for fuel and food. 00:00:22
Unpredictable climate change. 00:00:26
And all this in a world where the population is still growing. 00:00:29
should we be worried should we be scared how to make sense of it all seven billion people now 00:00:34
live on this planet of ours isn't it beautiful but when some people think about the world and 00:00:54
its future they panic others prefer not to think about it at all but tonight i'm going to show you 00:01:01
how things really are. 00:01:08
My name is Hans Rosling. 00:01:10
I'm a statistician that, no, no, no, no, don't switch off, 00:01:12
because with the latest data from all country, 00:01:15
I'm going to show you the world in a new way. 00:01:17
I'm going to tell you how world population is changing 00:01:20
and what today's data tell us 00:01:23
about how the future of the world will be. 00:01:25
We undeniably face huge challenges, 00:01:28
but the good news is that the future 00:01:32
may not be quite as gloomy 00:01:34
And that mankind already is doing better than many of you think. 00:01:37
Babies. 00:01:52
Each one a blessing. 00:01:53
But many people think population growth is out of control. 00:01:55
Some even talk of a population bomb. 00:01:59
Are they right? 00:02:03
So where are we with population today? 00:02:05
And how did we get here? 00:02:10
I'm going to tell you a story about everyone who ever lived. 00:02:12
Well, at least during the last some thousand years. 00:02:16
Here we go. 00:02:20
I give you two axes. 00:02:21
This is time in years. 00:02:25
And this one here is world population in billions. 00:02:28
In the year 10,000 BC, when the first people were becoming farmers, 00:02:33
then the archaeologists estimate that the world population was only 10 million. 00:02:39
Imagine 10 million. 00:02:46
That's like Sweden today. 00:02:47
A world of only Swedes. 00:02:49
But then, as the millennia passed by, 00:02:53
more farmers, food, and people, 00:02:57
and great empires could emerge. 00:02:59
Egypt, China, India, and finally, Europe. 00:03:01
And population continued to grow, but very slowly. 00:03:06
And I stop here at the year 1800, 00:03:10
1800, because 1800, that's when world population became one billion. 00:03:13
Imagine all that time, the population growth was just with a tiny fraction of a percent through thousands of years. 00:03:20
But here, 1800, with the Industrial Revolution, everything changed and population started to grow faster. 00:03:29
In little more than 100 years, it reached two billion. 00:03:35
And then, you know, when I was at school, it was 3 billion. 00:03:39
And many people said, the planet cannot support more people. 00:03:44
Even experts said that. 00:03:48
But what happens was this, you know, we became 4 billion, 5 billion, 6 billion, 7 billion. 00:03:50
Imagine, more than half of the world population have been added during my lifetime. 00:03:58
And the number is still rising. 00:04:05
Most of the population growth in recent years has been in Asian countries, like here in 00:04:09
Bangladesh. 00:04:16
But the population has tripled during my lifetime, from 50 to more than 150 million. 00:04:17
It's now one of the most densely populated countries in the world. 00:04:29
Some 15 million already live in the very crowded capital, Dhaka. 00:04:33
People here, whether in the city or the countryside, are intensely concerned about the size of 00:04:40
families. 00:04:46
But a new Bangladesh is emerging, like the Khan family, Mum Taslima, daughters Tanjina 00:04:49
and little Sadia, and dad, Hanan. 00:04:57
Both Taslim and Hanan come from large families themselves, 00:05:14
but they've decided to have just two children. 00:05:18
I hope one of them is good. 00:05:27
I'm going to the next one. 00:05:29
My wife told me that I have two children. 00:05:33
I had a lot of children, so I had to give them the first child. 00:05:35
I gave them the first child, and they were very happy. 00:05:37
I gave them the first child, and they were very happy. 00:05:39
I gave them the first child, and they were very happy. 00:05:41
What about you? 00:05:43
I have three children. 00:05:45
I have three children. 00:05:47
Taslima and Hanan are part of a cultural shift away from big families. 00:05:51
And for Taslima, it's also become a job. 00:05:55
She works for the government family planning service, 00:05:59
which employs women like her in every village. 00:06:03
She goes door to door to try to help others to have smaller families too. 00:06:06
Taslima offers advice, moral support and most importantly a range of contraceptives. 00:06:25
So how successful has Taslima and Bangladesh been in reducing fertility rate, that is, 00:06:56
number of babies born per woman? In Sweden, we set up Gapminder Foundation 00:07:24
to make the world's data available in a way that everyone can understand. 00:07:29
So I can show you the situation in Bangladesh and what has happened. 00:07:34
Here, a horizontal axis, babies per woman, 00:07:38
all the way from one to two to seven to eight. 00:07:42
And here, a vertical axis, that is lifespan, life expectancy, 00:07:45
how many years a newborn can expect to live, 00:07:50
from 30 all the way up to 90. 00:07:54
Now, we start in 1972, a very important year for Bangladesh, 00:07:57
the first full year of independence. 00:08:02
That year, Bangladesh was over there, 00:08:05
and they had on average seven babies per woman, 00:08:08
and lifespan was less than 50 years. 00:08:12
So what has happened after independence? 00:08:15
Have life become longer in Bangladesh? 00:08:17
Have children become fewer? 00:08:21
Here is the data. I start Bangladesh. 00:08:22
Indeed, you know, life is getting longer and babies fewer. 00:08:25
Six, five, and life even longer. 00:08:28
Four, three, and they land now almost to two. 00:08:30
It's 2.2 and the lifespan is 70. 00:08:34
It's absolutely amazing. 00:08:37
In 40 years, Bangladesh have gone from seven, six, five, four, three, two. 00:08:40
It's a miracle that has happened in Bangladesh. 00:08:48
But is it only in Bangladesh? 00:08:52
Well, I'll show you the whole world. 00:08:53
I will go back 50 years in time to 1963. 00:08:56
Here are all the countries. 00:09:01
And these green ones is America, north and south. 00:09:04
The yellow ones is Europe, east and west. 00:09:08
And blue is Africa, north and south of the Sahara. 00:09:12
And red is Asia, and we include Australia and New Zealand. 00:09:16
The size of the bubble shows the size of the population. 00:09:20
Look, the big ones over there is China and India, 00:09:25
and Bangladesh is just behind. 00:09:29
In 1963, the average number of babies born per woman in the world was five. 00:09:32
But it was a divided world. Can you see that? 00:09:38
These countries over here, the developed countries, 00:09:42
they had small families and long lives. 00:09:46
And then there were the developing countries over here. 00:09:49
And they had large families and short lives. 00:09:52
And very few were in between. 00:09:55
But now we'll see what has happened. 00:09:58
I start the world. 00:10:00
Here we go. 00:10:02
And you can see that China is getting, the big bubble is getting to better health. 00:10:04
And then they start family planning. 00:10:08
They move along to smaller families. 00:10:09
And the big green, look at Mexico. 00:10:11
Mexico is coming there. 00:10:13
And this is Brazil, also the green in Latin America. 00:10:14
And here India is following. 00:10:17
India is following. The big red bubbles are Asian countries going this way. 00:10:18
Many Africans are still with many babies born per woman. 00:10:22
And then Bangladesh over there overtakes India on its way to the small family. 00:10:25
And now almost all go up to this bubble. 00:10:30
Even Africans are starting to move up. 00:10:32
Oh, that was the earthquake in Haiti. 00:10:34
And now everyone ends up there. 00:10:36
What a change we have. 00:10:39
Today, you know, in the world, the average is 2.5. 00:10:42
Imagine, you know, it used to be 50 years ago, five. 00:10:47
And the world has changed. 00:10:52
The average number of babies born per woman have gone from five to 2.5. 00:10:54
And it's still decreasing. 00:10:59
What a big change. 00:11:01
People would think that Bangladesh and countries like that 00:11:04
is some sort of epicenter of a population bomb. 00:11:08
They couldn't be more wrong. 00:11:11
To me, health workers like Mrs Taslima and their colleagues who have taken their countries 00:11:13
from this side all over in a few decades to much better health and small families, they 00:11:19
are the heroes of our time. 00:11:27
It's an amazing change that has happened. 00:11:30
We no longer live in a divided world. 00:11:33
But how much do people know about this amazing change? 00:11:37
But Gapminder, we not only show data, we also measure how much people know or don't know 00:11:42
about the world. 00:11:49
So we did a first survey in Sweden. 00:11:50
The results were depressing. 00:11:54
So we did our second survey in Britain, and we had high hopes, because the British have 00:11:57
been all over the place, you know. 00:12:02
So we thought we would get good results here. 00:12:04
The first question we asked was, how many babies do women have, on average, in Bangladesh? 00:12:07
And we gave four alternatives, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, or 5.5. 00:12:13
This is the result of the British survey. 00:12:20
But you know the right answer. 00:12:29
It's 2.5. 00:12:31
Only 12% of the British got it right. 00:12:32
So we thought that perhaps it was those with low education who dragged down the result. 00:12:37
So we segmented those who had been to the fine British universities and had a university 00:12:44
degree. 00:12:49
And here they are. 00:12:50
This is the result. 00:12:51
If anything worse. 00:12:58
So now you may conclude that the British lack knowledge about the world. 00:13:01
What if I would have asked this chap and his friends? 00:13:07
I would have written the different answers on bananas and let them pick one banana each, 00:13:12
you know. 00:13:17
This result I would get. 00:13:18
Cause chimps know nothing about bananas. 00:13:21
But by pure random, they will pick twice as many correct answers as the British. 00:13:29
Even of the British, you know, more than half of the British people think it's 4.5 or more. 00:13:35
The problem here is not lack of knowledge, it's preconceived ideas. 00:13:43
The British cannot even imagine, cannot even guess that women in Bangladesh have 2.5, and 00:13:49
you know it's really 2.2 already. 00:13:55
This is what the Brits don't know, that Taslima and her family are the norm in Bangladesh 00:13:58
today, the most common family size. 00:14:02
It's not only there. It's all over the world in Brazil to child families 00:14:05
Vietnam to child families and 00:14:13
Even in India the most common family size is two children today 00:14:17
And also if you go to the African continent you go to the big cities here at this Ababa 00:14:21
You have less than two children per woman today in others happen. They can be 00:14:26
Muslim Buddhist Hindu Christian 00:14:31
There's not one religion, not one culture, not one continent where two-child families 00:14:34
cannot happen. 00:14:40
This change from big families down to two-child families is one of the most important things 00:14:42
that have happened in the world during my lifetime. 00:14:48
It's unprecedented in human history. 00:14:51
Here we are, back in Bangladesh. 00:14:59
find the reasons behind this historic and continuing shift from large to small families. 00:15:02
Almost all girls in Muslim Bangladesh, like 15-year-old Tanjina, go to school today. The 00:15:10
government now even pays families money to keep their daughters on at secondary level. 00:15:18
At Tanjina school, boys are now outnumbered by girls. 00:15:25
You could hardly miss the point of this lesson. 00:15:30
Education is effective, and there are also new opportunities for Bangladeshi women. 00:15:51
Despite continuing inequalities, there are more jobs, and Tanjina is aiming high. 00:15:57
More and more young women here are seeing how different things could be for them. 00:16:20
I don't know why I got married. I can't imagine it. 00:16:27
It's not possible for me to get married in two years. 00:16:31
I got married so quickly. 00:16:35
I don't understand. I made a mistake. 00:16:37
Now no one makes mistakes. 00:16:39
How old were you when you got married? 00:16:42
I was 25. 00:16:46
I finished my studies and got a job. 00:16:49
I became a doctor. 00:16:53
It's wonderful to see Taslima so full of hope for a bright future for her two daughters. 00:16:56
But one essential transformation underpins the change in Bangladesh. 00:17:10
It's a dramatic improvement in child survival. 00:17:15
It's Ramadan, the Muslim month of fasting and reflection. 00:17:19
At this auspicious time, Hanan is helping his parents to tend the family graveyard. 00:17:29
Three of Hanan's siblings died when they were very young. 00:17:40
They are buried here. 00:17:46
Back when Hanan's parents were a young couple, one in five children in Bangladesh died before 00:17:59
they reached five years of age. 00:18:10
All families lived with a constant fear of losing one or more children. 00:18:13
In the last few decades, Bangladesh has made great progress in basic health, particularly 00:18:17
in child survival. 00:18:42
Vaccines, treatment of infections and better nutrition and hygiene have all saved the lives 00:18:44
of millions of children and as parents have come to see that all of their children are now likely 00:18:50
to survive the biggest obstacle to family planning has at last gone even in the slums of dhaka women 00:18:56
now have on average just two children child survival drives everything let's go back into 00:19:04
history why did the world population grow so slowly before 1800 well throughout history all 00:19:18
historical records show us that on average two parents got more or less six children but that 00:19:27
looks as a very fast population growth so why didn't it grow because one two three four of the 00:19:34
children died before growing up to become parents themselves. People in the past never 00:19:42
lived in ecological balance with nature. They died in ecological balance with nature. It 00:19:49
was utterly tragic. But with the Industrial Revolution, this changed. Better wages, more 00:19:56
food tapped water better sanitation soap medical advances you know so why did then from all these 00:20:04
advances why did population grow was it because they got more children no 1963 that year when i 00:20:13
was at school actually the number of children per woman had decreased a little in the world to five 00:20:20
and the reason for the fast population growth was the improved child survivor four survived at that 00:20:27
time but still one out of five died that was still terrible so it's only in the recent decades that 00:20:34
most of the countries have taken big leap forwards in child survival and in family planning so that 00:20:43
we are now approaching the new balance and it's a nice balance two parents on average get two 00:20:49
children that survive we have families in a very happy balance this is the most 00:20:57
normal family situation in the world today and what does this mean for the 00:21:03
future I will show you the projection the best projection into the future from 00:21:09
the the finest demographers we have at the population division of the United 00:21:14
Nations and it looks like this it's going to continue first up to eight and 00:21:19
and then it goes up to nine and then it goes here but see it's slowing down it's slowing down by the 00:21:24
end of the century it's becoming more flat there and if i do a close-up on this you can see that 00:21:30
we are expecting a slowing down and the end of fast population growth 00:21:38
but of course this is a projection that has a certain degree of uncertainty 00:21:45
But we are sure that we are at the end of fast population growth within this century. 00:21:50
It's all due to a remarkable effect of the falling fertility rate. 00:21:56
Look here, if we go back into this. 00:22:00
I'll show this by showing you the number of children in the world. 00:22:02
The number of children from 0 to 15 years of age. 00:22:06
Here they come. 00:22:10
Look. 00:22:10
The number of children there increased slowly and then also it increased rapidly. 00:22:12
So by the turn of the century here, there were 2 billion children in the world. 00:22:17
And to me, that was an important year because that was when Doris was born. 00:22:23
That's my first grandchild. 00:22:28
And she was born at a very special time for children in the world, you know. 00:22:30
Because the specialists, the demographers estimate that from this year, 00:22:35
the number of children in the world will continue like this. 00:22:41
It will not increase any longer. 00:22:45
By the end of the century, we will still have 2 billion children in the world. 00:22:47
When Doris was born is when the world entered into the age of peak child. 00:22:53
The number of children are not increasing. 00:23:00
Now, this will confuse you. 00:23:03
Because how can then the total population grow like this if the children doesn't increase? 00:23:06
Where will all these adults come from? 00:23:13
And to explain that, I have to leave this fancy digital stuff 00:23:16
and show you real powerful educational material we have developed. 00:23:20
And it's here. 00:23:24
I will show you the world population, ladies and gentlemen, 00:23:27
in the form of foam blocks. 00:23:30
One block is one billion. 00:23:35
One block is one billion. 00:23:38
And that means that we have two billion children in the world. 00:23:39
then we have 2 billion between 15 and 30 years of age these are rounded numbers 00:23:43
we have 1 billion 30 to 45 we have 1 billion 45 to 60 and then we have my 00:23:51
block 60 years and older we are here on top this is the world population today 00:23:59
and you can see that there are three billions missing like here only few of 00:24:05
them are missing because they have died most of them are missing because they were never born 00:24:11
because back then you know before 1980 there were much fewer children born in the world because 00:24:15
there were fewer women giving birth to children so this is what we have today now what will happen 00:24:22
in the future do you know what happens to old people like me they die yes there was someone 00:24:28
here who works in hospitals so they die the rest they grow 15 years older and have two billion 00:24:36
children these ones are now old time to die and then these ones grow 15 years older and they have 00:24:45
two billion children this one die and the rest grow 15 years older and have two billion children 00:24:53
And without increasing the number of children, 00:24:58
without increasing the length of life, 00:25:03
we have 3 billion people more by this big, inevitable fill-up of adults, 00:25:05
which will happen just when the large young generations grow up. 00:25:11
Now, there's one more detail, 00:25:15
which is good news for the older ones here, like me, 00:25:18
that it's estimated that the old people will live a little longer. 00:25:21
So we have to add 1 billion more for the old here on the top. 00:25:25
and I'm desperately hoping that I will be part of that group 00:25:28
because then I can live long and read the annual statistic 00:25:33
as they come reporting every year. 00:25:36
But when I talk to many fine environmental activists 00:25:38
which really have a good concern about the environment, 00:25:43
they very often tell me, 00:25:46
we have to stop population growth at 8 billion. 00:25:48
But when I then talk with them, 00:25:51
first they don't know that we have reedspeak child 00:25:53
and then they are completely unaware 00:25:55
that most of the remaining population growth 00:25:58
is an inevitable fill-up of adults. 00:26:01
So we will end up with more or less this amount of people. 00:26:04
So we know how many billions there will be, 00:26:10
but what about where they live now and in the future? 00:26:13
There you have the world, and here are the seven billion. 00:26:21
Now, out of the seven billion, one live in the Americas. 00:26:26
North and south together. 00:26:32
One in Europe. 00:26:33
One in Africa. 00:26:36
And four in Asia. 00:26:38
So this is now. 00:26:42
But how to remember this? 00:26:42
I have a very simple way of remembering this. 00:26:44
I put up the numbers like this, 00:26:46
and then I say, this is the pin code of the world. 00:26:48
One, one, one, four. 00:26:50
Now, what will happen up to mid-century? 00:26:52
Let me know fairly well. 00:26:55
Europe, no increase. 00:26:57
In fact, the European population is decreasing. 00:26:59
In America, a little more people, mainly retired people in Latin America, so it makes no difference. 00:27:01
It's more or less the same. 00:27:08
In Asia, we will have one billion more. 00:27:10
And then the population growth in Asia is over. 00:27:13
In Africa, in the next 40 years, the population will double to two billion. 00:27:17
Now to the end of the century, well, we know quite well no more people in Europe, no more 00:27:22
in America, no more in Asia. 00:27:28
Africa is set, as we have data today, for another doubling. 00:27:30
So there will be four billions in Africa. 00:27:35
The 2100, and probably the final pin code, will be 1145. 00:27:38
So in 2100, there will be quite a different world. 00:27:46
The people who live in what I call the Old West, 00:27:50
in West Europe and North America, 00:27:54
will by then be less than 10% of the world population. 00:27:56
80% of the world population will be living in Asia and Africa. 00:27:58
But will there be resources enough to sustain them? 00:28:03
Well, this will be a huge challenge, and nothing will come automatically. 00:28:07
But my take is that it is possible for all these billions to live well together. 00:28:13
Certainly, it's easy to see the potential for a prosperous and peaceful Asia 00:28:29
with five billion people. 00:28:34
Japan, South Korea and others are already rich. 00:28:37
Following them on the road to wealth 00:28:40
are larger and larger parts of China, India, Indonesia 00:28:42
and many other Asian countries. 00:28:47
Even in poorer Asian countries, 00:28:49
more and more are getting a decent life. 00:28:52
But what about the future Africa, of as much as four billion? 00:28:57
Won't most of them be living in terrible poverty? 00:29:02
I have seen extreme poverty in Africa. 00:29:08
30 years ago, I spent the two most intense years of my life 00:29:11
working as medical doctor in one of the poorest countries, 00:29:17
Mozambique, on the east coast of Africa. 00:29:22
Mozambique had just become independent 00:29:25
after a long war against the colonial power, Portugal. 00:29:28
And my job was to be one of two doctors. 00:29:34
We were both foreigners for 300,000 people. 00:29:37
And this was the hospital. 00:29:42
My wife was also there working as a midwife. 00:29:44
This is the entire staff of the hospital. 00:29:47
Those with white coats had the chance during the colonial period 00:29:49
to get the professional training of at least one year. 00:29:54
The others, many of them, couldn't even read and write. 00:29:57
But they all worked with such dedication and motivation. 00:30:01
But the patients came with the worst diseases of extreme poverty, 00:30:06
and our resources were often not enough. 00:30:12
And especially my skills as a young doctor did not meet the need of the patients. 00:30:15
Mozambique is still today a very poor country. 00:30:22
but things have improved immensely since I was there 30 years ago for a start 00:30:25
there's now a brand new hospital in the town where I worked 30 years ago the new 00:30:37
much bigger hospital has 15 doctors and 11 of them are Mozambicans all the staff 00:30:45
are now well-trained the director of the hospital is dr. Kashimo the obstetrician 00:30:51
the transformation here is amazing to me 00:31:00
They routinely save women in childbirth with cesareans, something that was impossible when 00:31:21
I was there. 00:31:30
Everything has improved so much. 00:31:49
Those born in Mozambique today should have a much brighter future. 00:31:52
Not just because of better health, but a booming economy, too, with busy ports and markets 00:32:01
and new industries with lots of new jobs. 00:32:07
I know you might be thinking that this good news is just about cities and towns. 00:32:16
And it's true. 00:32:21
The worst challenge is in the rural areas where most people live. 00:32:22
But things are changing here too. 00:32:27
Deep in rural northern Mozambique lies the district of Mogo Volas. 00:32:34
This is home for Olivia, Andre and their young family. 00:32:41
Like so many other poor people in the world, Olivia and Andre are farmers, reliant on what 00:32:47
they grow for what they eat. 00:32:53
It's 4 a.m. and the day's tasks beckon. 00:33:00
heads straight to the fields. Olivia first goes to fetch water. Both have to walk miles 00:33:07
to get anywhere. 00:33:15
With no other means of transport, everything has to be carried. 00:33:34
Olivia and Andre have eight children. 00:33:43
Fertility rates are still high in much of rural Africa, and it's the poorest families 00:33:47
who have the most mouths to feed. 00:33:52
Anything this family can spare, they'll sell. 00:33:55
But economic growth is slowly trickling into the countryside. 00:34:08
Now Andre has set his sights on one thing he believes will change everything. 00:34:29
Bicycles can make a huge difference to the lives of the rural poor. 00:34:35
They save hours every day and get so much more done. 00:34:48
With a bicycle, they can carry much heavier loads to the market and earn more money. 00:34:52
They can travel to find work, and if they get sick, they can reach a health clinic in 00:34:58
time. 00:35:03
If you don't have the money, you can't do anything about it. 00:35:04
If you don't have the money, you can't do anything about it. 00:35:11
Andre and Olivia have been putting money away for two years. 00:35:17
They haven't quite enough yet. 00:35:21
Everything now depends on the sesame seeds, which they are just harvesting. 00:35:24
If they can get a good price, they might just make it. 00:35:29
Cinco. 00:35:34
Andrea and Olivia live in one of the poorest countries. 00:35:37
And they live in the rural area, which is the poorest part of that country. 00:35:40
So how many people are there in the world living like they? 00:35:45
And how many are there that are poorer? 00:35:48
I'm going to show you this joystick. 00:35:51
Very simple. 00:35:53
Poor and rich. 00:35:54
And here I have all the seven billions again. 00:35:56
They are in a very simplified way lined up there 00:35:59
from the poorest to the richest. 00:36:03
Now, how much does the richest billion earn here 00:36:05
in a dollar per day? 00:36:09
Let's look here. 00:36:11
Ooh, ooh, it's coming up, it's coming up. 00:36:13
Ooh, yo, yo, yo, yo. 00:36:16
I can't even reach $100 a day. 00:36:18
Then let's look at the middle billion, 00:36:21
who is exactly in the middle. 00:36:24
How much do they earn? 00:36:25
It will come, yes, yes. 00:36:26
just 10. And then I go over here to the poorest billion. How much do they get? Well, just 00:36:29
one. This is the difference of the world today. And the economists, they draw a line which 00:36:38
they call the line for extreme poverty, a little above $1. That's when you hardly can 00:36:46
have enough food to feed the family. You cannot be sure that you have food all day. And $1 00:36:52
billion is clearly below that still and the second billion is sort of divided by that line 00:36:57
and and then the others are above it now the poorest people they can hardly afford to buy shoes 00:37:02
and when they get shoes the next thing they will save for is bicycle this is where andrea and 00:37:10
olivia is and after bicycle you will go for the motorbike and then after the motorbike it's the 00:37:16
car and i remember when my family got the first car it was a small gray volkswagen the first 00:37:23
thing we did was to go to norway on holiday because norway is so much more beautiful than 00:37:30
sweden it was a fantastic trip and and now i'm i'm in this group i can go like the richest billion 00:37:35
we can go on holiday by airplanes of course there are people who are much richer than the airplane 00:37:43
people. Some are so rich, so they're even contemplating that they should go as tourists 00:37:48
out into space. And the difference in income from the airplane people to the very richest over there 00:37:53
is almost as big as it is from the airplane people here, you know, all the way down to the poorest in 00:38:00
that side. Now, the most important to remember from this joystick is this. And I need to show 00:38:07
this i need my step ladder sometimes you need some old well-functioning technology also here 00:38:15
i can only reach up here they are now i'm at the top the problem for us living on 100 a day 00:38:29
is that when we look down on those who have ten dollar or one dollar they look equally poor 00:38:38
We can't see the difference. 00:38:45
It looks as if everyone is living on the same amount of money. 00:38:47
And they say, oh, they are all poor. 00:38:51
No, I can assure you, 00:38:53
because I've met and talked with people who live down here, 00:38:55
and I can assure you that the people down here, 00:38:59
they know very well how much better life would be 00:39:04
if they would move from $1 to $10, 00:39:08
10 times as much income. 00:39:11
This is a huge difference. 00:39:13
And to understand this, 00:39:16
this is what Olivia and Andre is trying to do now. 00:39:19
Each little step they take along this line here, 00:39:23
from the shoes towards the bicycle, 00:39:27
small as it may seem from far distant, 00:39:31
make a huge difference in their life. 00:39:34
And if Andre and Olivia would get that bicycle, 00:39:36
it would speed them along, 00:39:40
to better life and better wealth up in this end today andrea and olivia are preparing to sell the 00:39:42
sesame crop they've been growing for many months but andrea and olivia will have to be careful 00:39:50
if they are to get paid the proper price. 00:40:08
Andre is going to do the selling. 00:40:36
And for the last time, he hopes, he has to get help to transport the crop to market. 00:40:38
Andre now needs to keep his wits about him. 00:40:48
The deal is done, and Andre is happy with the price he's got. 00:40:58
It's the moment the family have worked so hard for. 00:41:08
Andre's journey to market took all morning to walk. 00:41:33
Now, in less than an hour, he can ride home. 00:41:37
The bicycle is put to use at once. 00:41:50
The children fetch water with it. 00:42:06
Andrea carries more crops to the market. 00:42:09
And just as importantly, Olivia and Andrea can now easily reach their lessons for adults, 00:42:12
so they can learn better math and how to read and write. 00:42:18
It's so great to see Olivia and Andre pedaling their way out of extreme poverty. 00:42:40
And they use the bicycle to go to literacy classes. 00:42:46
is so important for the progress of people and nations but how many know what has really 00:42:50
happened with education in the world time for the great british ignorance survey again 00:42:58
here we are we asked what percent of adults in the world today are literate can read and write 00:43:05
can i ask the audience how many guess 20 hands up 00:43:12
40% 60% and 80% this is the result of the British sample no by now you can use the result of the 00:43:16
British survey to find out what the right right answer is isn't it of course it's 80% that is 00:43:39
the right answer at least you were clearly better than the british average just 80 of the population 00:43:45
in the world can read and write today literacy is 80 actually the last figure is a little higher 00:43:53
so if i would have compared that with the chimps again you know so it's once more you only get 00:44:00
random results from the shims but you get three times as many correct answers than you get from 00:44:06
the British and now the university people perhaps they know this or even worse what on earth are 00:44:12
they teaching at British universities the common view about the world is outdated with several 00:44:21
decades the media have missed to communicate it but perhaps this is because the world is changing 00:44:28
so fast. Ladies and gentlemen, I'm going to give you my all-time favorite graph. I'm going 00:44:34
to show you the history of 200 countries during 200 years in less than one minute. I have 00:44:42
an axis for income. I have an axis for lifespan. I start in 1800, and there are all the countries. 00:44:50
And back in 1800, everyone was down in the poor and sick corner. 00:44:59
Can you see? Low lifespan, little money. 00:45:04
And here comes the effect of the Industrial Revolution. 00:45:06
Of course, the countries in West Europe, they are coming to better wealth, 00:45:09
but they are not getting much healthier in the beginning. 00:45:13
And those under colonial domination doesn't benefit anything in there. 00:45:15
They remain there in the sick and poor corner. 00:45:19
And now health is improving, health is slowly improving here. 00:45:21
It's getting up here, and we are coming into the new century 00:45:24
and the terrible First World War. 00:45:27
and then the economic recession after that and then the second world war and now independence 00:45:29
and with independence health is improving faster than it ever did in other countries here 00:45:36
and now starts the fast economic catch-up of china and other latin american countries they 00:45:41
come on here you know and india is following there and the african countries is also following 00:45:47
It's an amazing change that has happened in the world. 00:45:53
You know, in the front here, we have now U.S. and U.K. 00:45:56
But they're not moving so fast any longer. 00:46:01
The fast movers are here in the middle. 00:46:03
China is moving very fast to catch up. 00:46:06
And Bangladesh, look, Bangladesh is already here, now quite healthy, 00:46:08
and now starting with fast economic growth. 00:46:12
And Mozambique, yes, Mozambique is back there, 00:46:15
but they are now moving fast in the right direction. 00:46:17
But all this I show you is country averages. 00:46:20
What about people? 00:46:25
Have people also got a better life? 00:46:27
I'm now going to show you something 00:46:30
which makes me very excited as a statistician. 00:46:32
I'm going to show you income distribution, 00:46:34
the difference between people. 00:46:37
And to do that, I take the bubbles back 50 years, 00:46:39
and then we are going to look only at money. 00:46:42
And to do that, we have to expand and adjust the axis 00:46:46
because the richest is so rich and the poorest is so poor. 00:46:49
So there will be a bigger difference than between the countries. 00:46:52
And what we do now is that we let the country fall down here, 00:46:55
this is United States, 00:46:59
and spread to show the range within the country. 00:47:00
And I take down all the countries in the Americas. 00:47:03
And now you can see from the richest person to the poorest person. 00:47:07
And the height here shows you how many there are on each income level. 00:47:11
And now let's take down Europe. 00:47:15
and on top of that I'm going to put Africa 00:47:17
and finally the region with most people 00:47:21
on top of everything, Asia. 00:47:26
Now, in 1963, the world was constituted by two humps. 00:47:30
First, the richest hump. 00:47:37
It's like a camel, isn't it? 00:47:38
The first hump here with the richest 00:47:40
is mainly Europe and the Americas 00:47:42
And the poorest hump over here is mainly Asia and Africa. 00:47:44
And the poverty line was there. 00:47:49
Can you see how many people there were in extreme poverty 50 years ago? 00:47:52
And most of them were in Asia. 00:47:58
And people were saying Asia will never get out of poverty. 00:48:00
Except that some people are still saying about Africa today. 00:48:03
Now, what has happened? 00:48:06
I start the world. 00:48:08
And you can see that many people are born into poverty here. 00:48:09
but Asia goes towards higher income and one billion goes out of extreme poverty this way 00:48:13
and the whole shape of the world change and the camel is dead it's reborn as a dromedary 00:48:19
and what you can see here you know is the variation from the richest that is most people 00:48:26
in the middle and there's a much smaller proportion of the world now in extreme poverty 00:48:35
But be careful. It's still a lot of people, more than one billion people in extreme poverty. 00:48:41
Now the question is, can this move out of extreme poverty now continue for those in Africa and even for the new billions in Africa? 00:48:47
I think it's possible, even probable, that most countries in Africa will rise out of poverty too. 00:48:59
It will need wise action and huge investment, but it can happen. 00:49:07
The many countries of Africa are not all advancing at the same pace. 00:49:13
A few are moving very fast, others are stuck in conflict. 00:49:19
But most, like Mozambique, are now making steady progress. 00:49:24
And what about feeding all the new African people in the future? 00:49:30
Yes, there are shortages today. 00:49:35
But there is also much potential here. 00:49:38
Agricultural yields in Africa are just a fraction of what they could be with better technology. 00:49:41
And Africa's rivers are barely tapped for irrigation. 00:49:48
One day, Africa could hum with combined harvesters and tractors and grow food for many more billions. 00:49:57
And please, don't imagine it's just me who thinks Africa can make it. 00:50:06
The United Nations is about to set itself a new official goal, 00:50:11
eliminating extreme poverty within 20 years. 00:50:16
Everyone understands it's a huge challenge, 00:50:21
but I seriously believe it's possible. 00:50:23
Imagine if that would happen. 00:50:28
Now, what we have seen so far is that the rich end, it moves, 00:50:30
and the middle, it moves. 00:50:35
But this poorest end is stuck. 00:50:38
It's here in extreme poverty we find almost all the illiteracy. 00:50:42
Here we find high child mortality and still many babies born per woman. 00:50:47
It's like extreme poverty reproduces itself if you don't end it swiftly. 00:50:52
But Andrea and Olivia and people like them, they work so hard to get away from it. 00:50:59
And if they only can get the right help from their government and from the world at large with things like school, health, vaccines, roads, electricity, contraceptives, then they will manage. 00:51:05
But they will mainly manage by their own hard work. 00:51:21
Here we go, you know, go on, follow Andrea and Olivia across the line, you know. 00:51:25
It is possible within some decades, yes. 00:51:31
But getting out of poverty is just the beginning. 00:51:37
People want to continue along this line to a good life. 00:51:41
But what does a good life mean? 00:51:47
For most people in the world, the good life they are striving for 00:51:50
will mean more machines and much more use of energy. 00:51:54
So there's a problem, because all this adds to one of the great threats for the future, 00:51:57
severe climate change. 00:52:04
80% of the energy the world uses is still fossil fuels. 00:52:07
And the science shows that the climate may change dramatically in the future 00:52:12
because of the carbon dioxide emission from continuing to burn all these fossil fuels. 00:52:17
I'm not the best person to tell you how bad climate change will be. 00:52:24
Nor am I a specialist on how to prevent it. 00:52:31
What I can do is to show you data to make you understand 00:52:34
who is the one that emits the carbon dioxide. 00:52:38
I will show this. 00:52:42
You remember? 00:52:44
The yardstick from the poorest billion to the richest billion. 00:52:46
From the one who hardly can afford shoes to the one who fly with airplanes. 00:52:49
Now, this shows the total amount of fossil fuel used in the world during one year. 00:52:53
Coal, oil, and natural gas. 00:53:02
And it represents more or less the total emission of carbon dioxide. 00:53:05
Now, how much of that is used by the richest billion? 00:53:09
Half of it. 00:53:14
Now, the second richest billion? 00:53:16
Half of what's left. 00:53:19
Then you understand what the third use, half of what left, and the others use hardly anything. 00:53:21
This is rounded numbers, but it clearly shows, you know, that almost all the fossil fuel is used here by the one, two, three richest billions. 00:53:28
More than 85% they use. 00:53:38
Now, the richest billion here at least have stopped increasing, but we are yet to see whether they will decrease. 00:53:40
And in the coming decades, it's the economic growth of these two 00:53:48
that will increase the fossil fuel use and the carbon dioxide emission. 00:53:52
Even if these ones over here come out of extreme poverty 00:53:57
and get richer all the way to the motorbike, 00:54:01
that doesn't contribute much to the emission of carbon dioxide. 00:54:03
And regarding population growth, 00:54:08
most of the additional billions in the next 40 years will be in this group here. 00:54:10
But still, if you ask people in the richest end, they seem to get everything wrong. 00:54:14
They look down on the world from their very high emission and then they say, 00:54:20
oh, those over there, you cannot live like us. 00:54:25
You will destroy the planet. 00:54:28
You see, I find the argument from the people here catching up to be much more correct than logic. 00:54:31
They say, huh, who are you to tell us that we can't live like you? 00:54:38
You better change first if you want us to do it differently. 00:54:42
There are many essentials to having a good life that billions in the world do not yet have. 00:54:50
Andres' village and house, and so many like them, don't even have electricity. 00:54:56
Mozambique has huge coal reserves. 00:55:03
And if it and the other poorest countries build affordable new power stations, 00:55:06
burning coal for electricity and industry, 00:55:11
I don't think anyone who emits more carbon should interfere. 00:55:14
Now, what I'm going to do is ask you two questions 00:55:19
that I often ask my Swedish students. 00:55:23
The first one is this. 00:55:26
How many of you have not traveled by an airplane this year? 00:55:28
Uh-huh. 00:55:33
quite a few can do without flying so the next question is how many of you have stayed away 00:55:35
from washing machines and you have hand washed all bed sheets clothes and laundry during the last year 00:55:42
i thought so no one everyone who can afford use washing machine even the hardcore in the 00:55:49
environmental movement and i still remember the day when my family got the washing machine 00:55:57
It was the 1st of November, 1952. 00:56:03
Grandma was invited to be the first to load the machine. 00:56:07
She had hand-washed her entire life for a family of nine. 00:56:11
And when she loaded the machine, she sat down on a footstool 00:56:15
and she watched the entire program during one hour. 00:56:19
She was absolutely mesmerized. 00:56:24
For my mother, it also meant a lot of more free time to do other things. 00:56:26
She could read books for me. 00:56:32
I think that's what made me professor. 00:56:34
No wonder we said, 00:56:37
thank you, steel mill. 00:56:39
Thank you, washing powder factory. 00:56:41
Thank you, electrical power station. 00:56:43
Now, when thinking about where all this leave us, 00:56:48
I have just one little humble advice to you. 00:56:53
Beside everything else, look at the data. 00:56:57
Look at the facts about the world. 00:57:01
and you will see where we are today 00:57:02
and how we can move forwards 00:57:05
with all these billions on our wonderful planet. 00:57:07
The challenge of extreme poverty 00:57:12
have been greatly reduced 00:57:14
and it's for the first time in history 00:57:16
within our power to end it for good. 00:57:18
The challenge of population growth 00:57:22
is in fact already being solved. 00:57:25
The number of children have stopped growing. 00:57:27
And for the challenge of climate change, we can still avoid the worst. 00:57:30
But that requires that the richest, as soon as possible, 00:57:37
find a way to set their use of resources and energy at a level 00:57:44
that step by step can be shared by 10 billions or 11 billions by the end of this century. 00:57:50
I've never called myself an optimist. 00:57:57
But I do say I'm a possibilities and I also say the world is much better than many of you think 00:58:01
Thank you very much 00:58:08
Autor/es:
Hans Rosling
Subido por:
Manuel P.
Licencia:
Reconocimiento - No comercial
Visualizaciones:
10
Fecha:
11 de junio de 2020 - 20:47
Visibilidad:
Público
Centro:
IES JOSÉ SARAMAGO
Duración:
58′ 50″
Relación de aspecto:
5:4 Es el estándar al cual pertenece la resolución 1280x1024, usado en pantallas de 17". Este estándar también es un rectángulo.
Resolución:
720x576 píxeles
Tamaño:
499.11 MBytes

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