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2º ESO/ISLAM, THE QURAN AND THE FIVE PILLARS - Contenido educativo

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Subido el 4 de octubre de 2020 por Alicia M.

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Hi there, I'm John Green, this is Crash Course World History, and today we're going to talk 00:00:00
about Islam, which like Christianity and Judaism, grew up on the east coast of the Mediterranean. 00:00:03
But unlike Christianity and Judaism, it's not terribly well understood in the West. 00:00:08
For instance, you probably know what this is and what this is. 00:00:12
You probably don't know what that is. 00:00:16
Google it. 00:00:19
Mr. Green, Mr. Green, why do you think people know so little about Islamic history? 00:00:20
Did you just ask an interesting, non-annoying question me from the past? 00:00:24
I think we don't know much about early Islamic history because we don't learn about it. 00:00:27
Because we're taught that our history is the story of Christianity in Europe, when 00:00:32
in fact our history is the story of people on the planet. 00:00:36
So let's try to learn something today. 00:00:41
So in less than 200 years, Islam went from not existing to being the religious and political 00:00:52
organizing principle of one of the largest empires in the world. 00:00:56
And that story begins in the 7th century CE, when the angel Gabriel appeared to Muhammad 00:01:00
a 40-ish guy who made his living as a caravan trader, and told him to begin reciting the 00:01:05
word of God. Initially, this freaked Muhammad out, as, you know, it would, but then his 00:01:10
wife and a couple other people encouraged him, and slowly he came to accept the mantle 00:01:14
of prophet. 00:01:18
A few things to know about the world Islam entered. First, Muhammad's society was intensely 00:01:18
tribal. He was a member of the Quraysh tribe living in Mecca, and tribal ties were extremely 00:01:22
important. Also, at the time, the Arabian Peninsula was like this crazy religious melting 00:01:28
pot, like most tribal Arabs worshipped gods very similar to the Mesopotamian gods you'll 00:01:32
remember from episode 3. And by the time of Muhammad, cult statues of many of those gods 00:01:37
had been collected in his hometown of Mecca in this temple-like structure called the Kaaba. 00:01:41
But Arabia was also home to monotheisms like Christianity and Judaism and even a bit of 00:01:47
Zoroastrianism, so the message that there was only one god wouldn't have been as surprising 00:01:50
to Muhammad as it was, for instance, to Abraham. Also, and this will become very important, 00:01:56
The northern part of Arabia was sandwiched between the Byzantine Empire and the Persian 00:02:00
Sasanian Empire, and you'll remember, those guys were always fighting. 00:02:04
They were like snowboarders and skiers, or like the Westboro Baptist Church and everyone 00:02:09
else. 00:02:14
At its core, Islam is what we call a radical reforming religion. 00:02:15
Just as Jesus and Moses sought to restore Abrahamic monotheism after what they perceived 00:02:18
as straying, so too did Muhammad. 00:02:23
Muslims believe that God sent Muhammad as the final prophet to bring people back to 00:02:25
the one true religion, which involves the worship of and submission to a single and 00:02:29
all-powerful God. 00:02:34
The Qur'an also acknowledges Abraham and Moses and Jesus among others as prophets, 00:02:36
but it's very different from the Hebrew and Christian Bibles. 00:02:40
For one thing, it's much less narrative, but also it's the written record of the 00:02:42
revelations Muhammad received, which means it's not written from the point of view 00:02:45
of people. 00:02:48
It is seen as the actual word of God. 00:02:49
The Qur'an is a really broad-ranging text, but it returns again and again to a couple 00:02:52
themes. 00:02:55
strict monotheism, and the other is the importance of taking care of those less fortunate than 00:02:56
you. The Qur'an says of the good person, 00:03:02
"... spends his substance, however much he himself may cherish it, upon his near of kin, 00:03:04
and the orphans, and the needy, and the wayfarer, and the beggars, and for the freeing of human 00:03:08
beings from bondage." 00:03:13
These revelations also radically increase the rights of women and orphans, which is 00:03:14
one of the reasons that Muhammad's tribal leaders weren't that psyched about them. 00:03:18
To talk more about Islamic faith and practice, let's go to the Thought Bubble. 00:03:22
The five pillars of Islam are the basic acts considered obligatory, at least by Sunni Muslims. 00:03:25
First is the shahada, or the profession of faith. 00:03:29
There is no god but God, and Muhammad is God's prophet, which is sometimes translated as 00:03:32
there is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is Allah's prophet, which tries to make Muslims 00:03:37
sound other and ignores the fact that the Arabic word for God, whether you're Christian 00:03:41
or Jewish or Muslim, is Allah. 00:03:44
Second, salah, or ritual prayer five times a day at dawn, noon, afternoon, sunset, and 00:03:47
late evening, which are obligatory unless you haven't hit puberty, are too sick, or 00:03:53
are menstruating. Keep it PG, Thought Bubble. 00:03:58
Third, Saum, the month-long fast during the month of Ramadan in which Muslims do not eat 00:04:01
or drink or smoke cigarettes during daylight hours. Since Ramadan is a lunar calendar month, 00:04:05
it moves around the seasons, and obviously it's most fun during the winter, when the 00:04:10
days are shorter, and least fun during the summer, when days are both long and hot. 00:04:14
Fourth is Zakat, or almsgiving, in which non-poor Muslims are required to give a percentage 00:04:18
of their income to the poor. And lastly, Hajj, the pilgrimage to Mecca that Muslims must 00:04:23
try to fulfill at least once in their lives, provided they are healthy and have enough 00:04:28
money. 00:04:33
And there's also more to understanding Islam than just knowing the Quran. Like Judaism, 00:04:34
with its Talmud, and Christianity, with its lives of saints and writings of church fathers, 00:04:37
Islam has supplementary sacred texts, chief among which is the Hadith, a collection of 00:04:41
sayings and stories about the Prophet. 00:04:46
Thanks, Thought Bubble. Oh, it's time for the open letter? Magic! 00:04:49
An open letter to the 72 virgins. 00:04:55
Oh, but first, let's check what's in the secret compartment. 00:04:57
Oh, it's Andre the Giant! 00:05:00
Did you know that Andre the Giant died a virgin? 00:05:02
Is a fact that I made up? 00:05:05
Dear 72 virgins, hey there. 00:05:06
It's me, John Green. 00:05:08
Did you know that not all hadiths were created equal? 00:05:10
Some sayings of the prophet are really well sourced. 00:05:12
Like for instance, a good friend or a relative heard the prophet say something, and then 00:05:14
it ended up as a hadith. 00:05:19
But some hadiths are terribly sourced. 00:05:20
Like not to be irreverent, but some of it is like middle school gossip. 00:05:21
Like, Rachel told Rebecca that her sister's brother's friend kissed Justin Bieber on the face. 00:05:24
And the vast majority of Muslims don't treat terribly sourced hadiths as scripture. 00:05:30
And the idea that you go to heaven and get 72 virgins is not in the Quran. 00:05:34
It's in a terribly sourced hadith. 00:05:37
So it is my great regret to inform you, 72 virgins, that in the eyes of almost all Muslims, 00:05:39
you do not exist. 00:05:45
Best wishes, John Green. 00:05:47
One more thing about Islam. 00:05:48
Like Christianity and Judaism, it has a body of law. 00:05:49
You might have heard of it. 00:05:53
called Sharia. Although we tend to think of Sharia as a single set of laws that all Muslims 00:05:54
follow, that's ridiculous. There are numerous competing ideas about Sharia, just as there 00:05:58
are within any legal tradition. So people who embraced this worldview were called Muslims 00:06:03
because they submitted to the will of God, and they became part of the Ummah, or community 00:06:07
of believers. This would be a good moment for an Uma Thurman joke, but sadly, she is 00:06:11
no longer famous. I'm sorry if you're watching this, Uma Thurman. Being part of the Ummah 00:06:15
umma trumped all other ties, including tribal ties, which got Muhammad into some trouble 00:06:20
and brings us, at last, back to history. 00:06:24
So as Muhammad's falling in Mecca grew, the umma aroused the suspicion of the most 00:06:27
powerful tribe in Mecca, the Quraysh. 00:06:31
And it didn't matter that Muhammad himself was born into the Quraysh tribe, because 00:06:32
he wouldn't shut up about how there was only one god, which was really bad news to 00:06:36
the Quraysh tribe, because they managed the pilgrimage trade in Mecca. 00:06:40
And if all those gods were false, it would be a disaster economically. 00:06:44
So come to think of it, in the end, the Meccan pilgrimage business turned out just fine. 00:06:49
So the Quraysh forced Muhammad and his followers out of Mecca in 622 CE, and they headed to 00:06:53
Yathrab, also known as Medina. 00:06:58
This journey, also known as the Hijrah, is so important that it marks year zero in the 00:07:00
Islamic calendar. 00:07:04
In Medina, Muhammad severed the religion's ties to Judaism, turning the focus of prayer 00:07:05
away from Jerusalem to Mecca. 00:07:09
Also in Medina, the Islamic community started to look a lot more like a small empire than 00:07:12
like a church. 00:07:16
Like, Jesus never had a country to run, but Muhammad did almost from the beginning. 00:07:17
And in addition to being an important prophet, he was a good general. 00:07:21
And in 630, the Islamic community took back Mecca. 00:07:24
They destroyed all those idols in the Kaaba, and soon Islam was as powerful a political 00:07:27
force in the region as it was a religious one. 00:07:31
And it's because the political and religious coexisted from the beginning that there's 00:07:34
no separate tradition of civic and religious law like there is in Christianity and Judaism. 00:07:37
So then when Muhammad died in 632 CE, there wasn't a religious vacuum left behind. 00:07:42
Muhammad was the final prophet, the revelation of the Quran would continue to guide the Ummah 00:07:46
throughout their lives. 00:07:52
But the community did need a political leader, a caliph, and the first caliph was Abu Bakr, 00:07:53
Muhammad's father-in-law, who was not without his opponents. 00:07:58
Many people wanted Ali, Muhammad's son-in-law, to lead the community, and although he did 00:08:01
become the fourth caliph, that initial disagreement, to radically oversimplify because we only 00:08:05
have ten minutes, began the divide between the two major sects of Islam, Sunni and Shia. 00:08:10
And even today, Sunni Muslims believe Abu Bakr was rightly elected the first caliph, 00:08:16
and Shia Muslims believe it should have been Ali. 00:08:19
To Sunnis, the first four caliphs, Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali, are known as the rightly 00:08:22
guided caliphs, and many of the conservative movements in the Islamic world today are all 00:08:27
about trying to restore the Islamic world to those glory days, which, like most glory 00:08:32
days, were not unambiguously glorious. 00:08:38
Abu Bakr stabilized the community after Muhammad's death and began the process of recording the 00:08:40
Quran in writing, and started the military campaigns against the Byzantine and Sasanian 00:08:44
empires that, within 116 years, would allow the Islamic empire to go from this to this. 00:08:48
His successor, Umar, was both an uncommonly good general and a brilliant administrator, 00:08:55
but like so many other great men, he proved terrible at avoiding assassination. 00:09:00
Which led to the Caliphate of Uthman, who standardized the Quran and continued both 00:09:04
his predecessor's tradition of conquest and his predecessor's tradition of getting assassinated. 00:09:08
Then Ali finally got his turn as caliph, but his ascension was very controversial and it 00:09:13
ultimately led to a civil war. 00:09:17
Which eventually led to the emergence of Uthman's tribe, the Umayyads, as the dynasty that would 00:09:19
rule over an ever-expanding Islamic empire for more than a hundred years. 00:09:23
It's common to hear that in these early years Islam, quote, spread by the sword. 00:09:26
And that's partly true, unless you are, wait for it, the Mongols. 00:09:30
Actually, as usual, the truth is more complicated. 00:09:35
Many people, including the Mongols, but also including lots of people in Central and East 00:09:39
Asia embraced Islam without any military campaigns. 00:09:43
And in fact, the Quran says that religion must not be an act of compulsion. 00:09:46
But this much is true. 00:09:50
The early Islamic Empire was really good at winning wars. 00:09:51
And situated as they were between two very wealthy empires, the Byzantines and the Sasanians, 00:09:55
there was plenty to fight for. 00:09:59
The first of all were the Sasanians, the last non-Muslim successor to the Persian Empire. 00:10:01
They were relatively easy pickings because they'd been fighting the Byzantines for 00:10:05
like 300 years and they were super tired. 00:10:09
they had recently been struck by plague. Plague, man, I'm telling you, it's like the red 00:10:12
tortoise shell of history. But in those early days they did pry away some valuable territory 00:10:16
like Egypt and the Holy Land and then eventually they got into Spain, where various Muslim 00:10:22
dynasties would entrench themselves until being expelled in 1492. But as good as they 00:10:26
were at making war, it's still tempting to chalk up the Arab success to, you know, 00:10:30
the will of God. And certainly a lot of the people they conquered felt that way. Wars 00:10:35
in this part of the world didn't just pit people against each other, they also pitted 00:10:39
their gods against each other. So while the Islamic Empire didn't require its subjects 00:10:43
to convert to Islam, their stunning successes certainly convinced a lot of people that this 00:10:48
monotheism thing was legit. Once again, John Green proving super hip to the slang of today's 00:10:52
youngins. Also, you paid lower taxes if you converted, and just as taxes on cigarettes 00:10:59
lead to people not wanting to smoke, taxes on worshipping your idols lead to people not 00:11:03
wanting to worship them anymore. 00:11:08
So in a period of time that was, historically speaking, both remarkably recent and remarkably 00:11:10
short, a small group of people from an area of the world with no natural resources managed 00:11:14
to create one of the great empires of the world and also one of its great religions. 00:11:19
And that very fact may be why people of Western European descent remain largely ignorant about 00:11:23
this period. 00:11:28
Not only were the Muslims great conquerors, they spawned an explosion of trade and learning 00:11:29
that lasted hundreds of years. 00:11:32
They saved many of the classic texts that formed the basis of the so-called Western 00:11:34
Canon while Europe was ignoring them, and they paved the way for the Renaissance. 00:11:38
While it's important to remember that much of the world between Spain and the Indus River 00:11:42
wasn't Arabized, most of it was so thoroughly Islamized that these days we can't think 00:11:45
of the world we now call the Middle East without thinking of it as Islamic. 00:11:50
Like perhaps the greatest testimony to Islam's power to organize people's lives and their 00:11:54
communities is that in Egypt, five times a day, millions of people turn away from the pyramids 00:11:58
and toward Mecca. Egypt, birthplace to one of the longest continuous cultures the world 00:12:04
has ever known, is now the largest Arab country in the world. 00:12:09
Next week we'll talk about the Dark Ages. Spoiler alert, they were darkest in the evening. 00:12:13
Thanks for watching, and we'll see you next time. 00:12:16
Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Miller. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. 00:12:18
The show is written by my high school history teacher, Raoul Meyer, and myself, and our 00:12:22
graphics team is ThoughtBubble. 00:12:26
Last week's Phrase of the Week was, They might be giants. If you want to guess this 00:12:28
week's Phrase of the Week or suggest future ones, you can do so in comments, or you can 00:12:30
also ask questions about today's video that our team of historians will endeavor to answer. 00:12:34
Thank you so much for watching, and as we say in my hometown, don't forget to be awesome. 00:12:38
Subido por:
Alicia M.
Licencia:
Dominio público
Visualizaciones:
149
Fecha:
4 de octubre de 2020 - 17:19
Visibilidad:
Público
Centro:
IES LA SENDA
Duración:
12′ 53″
Relación de aspecto:
1.78:1
Resolución:
1280x720 píxeles
Tamaño:
110.88 MBytes

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