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1.The late Middle Ages in Europe - Contenido educativo
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So, as I said before, the late Middle Ages, the 14th century, it was a century of a deep crisis, una crisis muy profunda.
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It was a century of a deep crisis because there were three important calamities that we are going to explain in a minute.
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The first one was war. War was the first calamity, important problem in the 14th century because this century was the century of the hundred years war.
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Why? Because literally this war, it lasted more than one century.
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So imagine, more than one century fighting.
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Can you go more slowly, please?
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Yes.
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Thank you.
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As I said before, the 14th century, we are explaining the late Middle Ages in Europe,
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The late Middle Ages in Europe means La Baja Edad Media.
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La Baja Edad Media is the 14th and 15th century.
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So we are going to explain today the 14th century and the beginning of the 15th century.
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And you have to remember that the 14th century was a century of a deep crisis.
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Una crisis muy profunda.
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It was a century of a deep crisis.
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Why? Because there were three important calamities, problems, huge problems.
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The first one, the first problem was war.
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Why? Because in this century, in the 14th century, there was a war, which was called the Hundred Years' War, which lasted more than one century.
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It lasted from 1337 to 1453, so it lasted, as you can see here, more than one century.
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So imagine more than one century fighting.
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It caused a lot of problems in Europe due to this important calamity.
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And in this war, class, two important countries were fighting each other.
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England fought against France because England invaded France.
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England invaded France in this war.
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Here we are going to see the evolution of this conflict.
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The conflict began in 1337.
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This is the moment when England, in green, invaded France and they conquered this place.
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It was the place on the southern part of France, which is called Aquitaine.
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You don't need to know this name, but it's only to understand the evolution.
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So first of all, England conquered the southern part of France.
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Then in 1360 is when one important battle took place.
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It was the Battle of Poitiers.
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Who was the Poitier?
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I'm going to write it down for you.
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It took place in 1360 and it was the Battle of Poitiers.
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So Poitiers is really important in history because many, many important battles took
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place there.
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What happened in the Battle of Poitiers?
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In the Battle of Poitiers, the England prince, the England prince who was called the Black
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Prince, the Black Prince, he was called like this because he used to wear an armor which
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was black, the Black Prince, okay?
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In 1360 is when the Battle of Poitiers took place and in this battle the black prince
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defeated the French, he defeated the French, and as a consequence England, in green, conquered
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all these places in France in 1360, okay?
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However, the most important battle in this war was the Battle of Agincourt, which took place in 1429.
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It was the Battle of Agincourt, it was this moment, the Battle of Agincourt.
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And in this battle, also, England defeated France.
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In this battle, as we might see here, the British, in green, conquered not only the
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south, Aquitaine, but also the north.
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So I will say that after the Battle of Agincourt in 1429, it was the moment when England, in
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green conquered the north they conquered this part on the northern part of france okay this area
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and what happened next we really need to remember the battle of agincourt
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because it was the moment when henry the fifth defeated the french remember that
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But here we have Henry V, Enrique V, so we really need to remember Henry V because he
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was the one who defeated the French in the Battle of Agincourt.
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And what happened next?
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What happened when the British conquered the South and also the North?
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What happened was the following.
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It was the moment when Joan of Arc, Juana de Arco, emerged in history.
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When the British conquered the north and also the south after the Battle of Agincourt, the
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British were about to conquer the whole territory of France.
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After this battle, the British were about to conquer the whole territory of France.
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this is the moment when Joan of Arc emerged in history. Who was Joan of Arc? This is only
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to know more, okay? You need to know everything. But Joan of Arc was a peasant. She was a peasant
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that one day she was walking around close to his village. She was walking around in
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countryside and according to her memoirs, when she was walking around in the countryside,
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Jesus Christ emerged and appeared in front of her. And according to her memoirs, according to the myth
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middle jesus christ said to joan of arc that she needed to prepare to create an army in order
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in order to defeat the british so after that after that joan of arc who used to be a peasant
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traveled to orleans to the city of orleans because the french king was there
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And she convinced the French king to create a huge army to defeat, in order to defeat
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the British.
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So Joan of Arc, together with her army, launched an attack over the city of Orleans.
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This is only to know more, okay?
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Because I'm explaining the whole evolution.
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So she launched an attack over the city of Orleans and she won.
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She won.
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It was the first time when the French troops won one battle, in the Battle of Orleans.
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And after the Battle of Orleans, Joan of Arc went directly to Paris and in Paris she had
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another victory.
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She had another victory and after the battle in Paris, the French troops managed to expel
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the British.
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That's why you might see here on this map that the French around the year 1453, they
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expel the British from France again to the British territories because Joan of Arc, together
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with her army, managed to expel the British after the famous Battle of Orleans and Paris.
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And what happened after that, when Joan of Arc managed to expel the British?
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Obviously, she became really, really famous, the French people were in love with Joan of
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Arc because she managed to expel the British and the king was really jealous of Joan of
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Arc.
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What does jealous mean?
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envidioso marcos the king was really jealous jealous of joan of arc he was really jealous
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of joan of arc and for this reason he decided the king decided to burn joan of arc in front of the
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French people, because Joan of Arc was accused of being a witch, bruja. She was really, really
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revolutionary for her age, and for this reason the king accused her of being a witch, bruja.
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And she was burned in front of the French people. And this is the end of the Hundred Years' War,
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because obviously the French were the winners at the end, the French were the winners at the end,
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the British were defeated. And what happened when Britain was defeated? In Great Britain
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it began the Civil War. In Great Britain it began the Civil War. And do you think that this Civil
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war have connections with a famous series which is called game of thrones luke would you explain
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the relationship between the civil war in england in britain and the famous series game of thrones
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yeah of course um so maybe some of you have seen game of thrones it's one of my personal favorite
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uh series um and the main families in game of thrones are right the lannisters no um which are
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loosely based on the lancaster family in the united kingdom and the starks are based on the
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the yorks so the lancaster and the yorks are the real families uh from this time period and that's
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where these um the most important families in game of thrones are based on on these two groups
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exactly right thank you so much so what happened after the hundred years war in britain it began
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the civil war because two different nobles families two different nobles families were
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fighting each other the lancaster family fought against the york family the lancaster family came
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from the south as it happened also in game of thrones and the york family came from the north
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and nobody won this civil war both sides were defeated
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That's why both families reached an important decision.
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They gave the power to the Tudor family, to the Tudor family.
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So this period was pretty bad for Great Britain because they were in decline.
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They were in crisis.
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So I will say that after the Hundred Years' War, England was in decline.
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However, in France, it began the Golden Age.
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After the period of Joan of Arc and the Hundred Years War, it was the moment when France had
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its own Golden Age.
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Why?
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Because the king recovered the power, there was more money after the Hundred Years War,
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there was a recovery in agriculture, in trading.
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the reason it began the golden age in France okay so we have explained yes
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can you repeat about the golden age please yes in France it began the golden
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age a period of mass brillante because there was a recovery in agriculture
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trading, kings recovered their power and it began the Golden Age. Okay? So now we
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are going to explain the second calamity of this century. In addition of
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fighting for more than one century they had another important
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calamity and I bet that is going to ring a bell for you it was the black death it
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was a black death which was a massive plague plaga okay so the second calamity
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was the black death which was a massive plague plaga which was caused which was
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caused by a virus, like now. Now we are living, regrettably, we are living the
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moment of the COVID-19, the coronavirus, and at that time they suffered another
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plague which was caused by another virus. It was the Black Death which lasted, pay
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attention from 1348 to 1352 so around almost five years it lasted almost five
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years and it began this plague came also from Mongolia it came also from the east
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The coronavirus came from China and this plague also came from the East.
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It began when the Mongols came to conquer the Crimean Peninsula.
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What happened in the Crimean Peninsula?
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The Crimean Peninsula belonged to the important city of Genoa in Italy.
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it belonged to the genoese people gino at that time in the middle age was an important city
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there were really important traders and they had other bases buses they had other bases of trading
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alongside the mediterranean sea for example they had another another important base
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in Sicily, Greece, and also in Dardanelles Strait, in what is now Turkey, and this place,
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the Crimean Peninsula, belonged also to the Genoese.
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But the Mongols came from the East in order to conquer the Crimean Peninsula, and in Jaffa,
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which was the most important city in the Crimean Peninsula,
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it took place a battle.
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It took place a battle between the Mongols and the Genoese.
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And in order to conquer the city,
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in order to conquer the city,
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the Mongols surrounded the city of Jaffa.
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The Mongols surrounded the city of Jaffa.
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They siege,
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They sieged the city of Jaffa, because Jaffa and the Crimean peninsula was a colony of the Genoese.
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And when they were there, the Mongols, in order to conquer this city, they dumped infected corpses.
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So, lanzaron cadáveres infectados.
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they dumped infected corpses to the city.
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Luis, can you repeat, it took place a battle between the Mongols and the Genovese?
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Yes, here it took place a battle between the Mongols and the Genovese.
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The Mongols had surrounded the city, they sieged the city
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And when the Mongols were there in order to conquer the city, they dumped infected corpses with the virus.
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So imagine this situation when all of this happened, the virus spread all over Europe.
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first to Greece then to Italy then to France and finally to the Iberian
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Peninsula and North Africa and also to Great Britain so exactly the same the
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same way that the coronavirus took so it's really really difficult because we
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can see we might see many many parallels from the way that the black days took we
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compare with the way that the coronavirus coronavirus took right now
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from this place from Crimea it spread to Greece to Italy France and from France
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to Great Britain and also to the Iberian Peninsula and North Africa so what was
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the result? Here we could see, we might see in another map, the way that the
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Black Death took. And what was the result of this virus? As a result of this virus,
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when the vessels from the Crimean Peninsula traveled alongside the
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Mediterranean Sea, the virus spread all over the Mediterranean Sea. And what was
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the result pay attention half of the population in europe died half of the population in europe died
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we are talking about 25 million people died 25 million people fortunately fortunately now we
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have hospitals we have doctors at that time they didn't they didn't have enough hospitals doctors
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Now we have machines to provide you oxygen, at that time they didn't and then they at that time also they didn't have enough measures of hygiene.
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Now we have running water, they didn't have running water, agua corriente at that time.
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So for this reason is important now for the virus that we are living to clean ourselves almost every day.
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to take us out where every day is important to maintain to keep the levels of hygiene
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to respect the quarantine the quarantines the quarantines were also at that time the
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only way to keep the virus aside to keep the virus at bay a raya so it was a very difficult
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very difficult to live at that moment in europe and also the the situation that we are living now
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and we are going to pay attention now to the symptoms of the plague
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luke could you read to my students the symptoms of this plague
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all right so what are the symptoms of the plague so on day one the first day um you might notice
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painful swellings called bubos appeared in the victim's armpits and groin these
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were usually about the size of an egg but could sometimes be as big as an
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apple. Swellings means inchazones llamadas bubas. Okay what happened in day two?
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Okay day two the victim vomited and developed a fever. Exactly the same like
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in the coronavirus yeah day three day three bleeding under the skin caused dark blotches
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or spots no blotches all over the body so the black death was even worse because it caused you
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dark blotches all over your body we copy the symptoms no no no this is only to no more i'm
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not going to ask this great for you man to learn more day four day four day four the disease
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attacked the nervous system this caused the victim to suffer spasms the victim was in terrible pain
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yes yeah um and day five uh sometimes the bubos would burst or explode
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no burst and a foul smelling black liquid oozed from the open boils
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yeah um when this happened the victim usually lived however in most cases the victim suffered
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of painful death exactly it was better if your bubbles burst because it was the way a way to
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survive and this uh virus came from the give me one minute it came the virus the way to transmit
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the virus came from the fleas pulgas and when the fleas bite the human beings it was the
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way to meet the virus ask me ask away what is what is
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what does it mean
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of the swelling before, to ooze means to expel the liquid.
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And it hurt?
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Of course, of course, it hurts a lot.
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But we explained the second calamity.
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And the only way to, it lasted, it lasted almost five years.
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And the only way that they have at that time to survive was
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to take extreme measures of hygiene and also to keep the quarantines,
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quarantines, the quarantines or the quarantines? The quarantines.
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Quarantines, mm-hmm. Quarantines.
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It was the only way to keep the virus at bay,
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mantenerlo a raya, to keep the virus at bay.
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And now we are going to finish with the third calamity, it was famine.
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So imagine, they suffer.
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It was terrible to live in this century in Europe
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because they had a huge war, a massive war.
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They have also a massive plague
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and they had to deal also with famine and brunas.
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Why? Because the 14th century,
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it was a period of heavy rainfall,
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lluvias muy fuertes.
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And as a consequence of this heavy rainfall,
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it flooded the crop fields in Undolos Campos.
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So it was terrible to live in the 14th century
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because they had to deal with famine.
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Famine and brunas, which were caused by heavy rainfall,
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lluvias muy fuertes, which flooded the crop fields.
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And as a result of that, as a result of that,
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The seeds, las semillas, were rotten, se pudrieron, and it destroyed the harvests, the crops, las cosechas.
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That's why they didn't have enough food. So it was terrible because due to the famine,
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they didn't have enough energy to fight against the virus, to fight against the Black Death.
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We are very fortunate today because we have enough food
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to fight against the coronavirus, but at that time, due to the famine, they didn't have enough
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bread, enough vitamins to fight against the Black Death. That's why many, many people died
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in this century. So, what were the consequences of these three important calamities? Class,
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we're about to finish. So, as I said before, half of the population died, half of the population
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died. Before the 14th century, the population was 80 million, but after the crisis, half
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of the population died and the population in Europe was more or less 45 million, which
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is now the population in Spain so the whole population at that time in Europe
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was 45 million which is now the population of Spain obviously after war
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plague and famine the economy was completely in decline agriculture was in
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crisis trading was in crisis there were many thieves in the roads and due to all
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of these problems the society was in conflict why because the nobles fought against the commoners
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and commoners in europe made a lot of revolutions in order to get food in order to improve their
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conditions so the society was in conflict because commoners fought against nobles commoners you know
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common people, peasants fought against the nobles. But I'm going to finish with
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one point, one optimistic point, because at the end of the 14th century and
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at the beginning of the 15th century there was a recovery in Europe. There was
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a recovery in Europe at the beginning of the 15th century. Why? Because the
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The population increased.
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There was an increase in population.
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At the beginning of the 15th century,
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there was an increase in population.
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Also agriculture improved.
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Trading also improved.
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If there were more food, they began to trade each other.
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Also it increased the level of security
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because kings had more power.
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So there was an increase in population.
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Agriculture and trading improved.
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there was uh there was more security at the beginning of the 15th century because kings
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recovered the power and they had the money they had the troops to provide security to their
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countries and obviously there were less conflicts okay it was the beginning of the modern age
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that you are going to study next year okay so at the beginning of the 15th century the situation
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improved and we are going to finish with this point when the situation improved there was a
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change also in the mindset in the mentality because in the middle ages who was more important
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god or the human beings so obviously it was a very religious society and god was more important than
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the human beings but now well i mean in the 15th century there was a change in this the mentality
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at that time because due to the three important calamities human beings change there was a change
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in their mentality they began to think that human beings were more important than god
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and it was the beginning of the renaissance it was the beginning of the renaissance el renacimiento
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it was the beginning of the renaissance el renacimiento
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in europe when human beings became more important than god
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and as a consequence there was a huge change in the mentality in the people at
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that time and it was the beginning due to this change it was the beginning of
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the modern age that you are going to study next year when the human beings
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were the center of everything instead of being God so we have finished a class we
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We have finished, and now Luis is going to ask you many, many questions, and I'm going
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to give you positives.
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Okay.
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Well, does anyone have any questions for Luis before we get started?
00:34:31
Nope.
00:34:36
Okay.
00:34:38
Well, very good.
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So let's just go for it.
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First question.
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question is why did the Hundred Years War start? What were the causes? So raise your hand. I will
00:34:49
choose you. Can you repeat please? Yes. The question was what was why did the Hundred Years War start?
00:35:02
- Autor/es:
- Luis Horrillo Sánchez
- Subido por:
- Luis H.
- Licencia:
- Todos los derechos reservados
- Visualizaciones:
- 29
- Fecha:
- 8 de mayo de 2023 - 20:18
- Visibilidad:
- Público
- Centro:
- IES CERVANTES
- Duración:
- 35′ 14″
- Relación de aspecto:
- 17:9 Es más ancho pero igual de alto que 16:9 (1.77:1). Se utiliza en algunas resoluciones, como por ejemplo: 2K, 4K y 8K.
- Resolución:
- 1854x976 píxeles
- Tamaño:
- 1.11