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3. The Spanish Habsburg Monarchy

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Subido el 23 de marzo de 2020 por Ruben P.

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Okay, so today we are going to start with the Spanish Habsburg dynasty. Okay, so what we are going to see is this new dynasty ruling Spain. This new dynasty is going to be the one, or is going to start after the Catholic monarchs. It's going to start in the 16th century, in the early 16th century with Carlos V or Charles V. Okay, so Charles V is going to be the first king of the Habsburg dynasty in Spain. 00:00:00
Remember, we are not talking about Spain, we are talking about the Hispanic monarchy. 00:00:29
So let's see which are the main characteristics of this Habsburg dynasty. 00:00:35
The first thing is that we are going to study the Habsburg dynasty in the 16th century. 00:00:40
And in these 100 years, in this century, we are going to have two main kings of this Habsburg 00:00:45
dynasty. 00:00:53
We are going to have Charles V, Carlos V, and Philip II or Felipe II. 00:00:54
If you check the dates, Carlos V is going to start to reign in 1516 and he is going 00:01:00
to end in 1556. 00:01:06
So he is going to reign 40 years. 00:01:08
Charles V is going to abdicate in 1556 on his son Philip II. 00:01:11
Remember Charles V was a little bit old, he was tired. 00:01:19
So he is going to resign, he is going to abdicate on his son Philip II, and Philip II is also 00:01:22
going to reign almost 40 years, from 1556 till 1598. 00:01:32
One of the most important characteristics of this Habsburg dynasty is that the Spanish 00:01:40
monarchy is going to be the most powerful monarchy in Europe in the 16th century. 00:01:44
If we check the territories controlled by Charles V and Philip II, you'll see that they 00:01:51
are controlling almost the whole continent. 00:02:01
For example, this is the territories acquired or inherited by Charles V or Carlos V. 00:02:07
If you check from the Catholic Monarchs, he is going to inherit Castile, these territories 00:02:13
in North Africa and also America and Aragon with this territory Sardinia 00:02:19
Sicily and Naples okay so these territories along with America are going 00:02:25
to be the territories acquired or inherited by Carlos Quinto due to the 00:02:31
Catholic Monarchs the Catholic Monarchs were one of the where their 00:02:38
grandfathers and grandmother okay the grandmother and grandfather so the 00:02:44
grandparents okay so the idea is the Catholic Monarchs are the grandparents 00:02:48
of Charles V with regard to his mother but regarding to his father 00:02:52
Charles V is going to inherit the Holy Roman Empire or the 00:02:59
possibility to be the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and he is going to 00:03:07
inherit these territories okay the lower countries or the Netherlands and Belgium 00:03:11
where is nowadays the Netherlands and Belgium this is the lower countries 00:03:17
Luxembourg Franco Condado okay and these territories that they are the Austrian 00:03:20
territories so what he is going to inherit is Castile with America and this 00:03:26
territory in the North Africa in Northern Africa Aragon with a Sardinia 00:03:31
Sicilian Naples this is the this is the territories inherited by the or the 00:03:36
relation with the Catholic Monarchs okay in the other hand what we are going to 00:03:46
have is the lower countries Luxembourg and Franco Condado as long as well as 00:03:52
these Austrian territories and due to his grandfather he is going to have the 00:03:58
possibility to be the Emperor of the German the Holy Roman Empire okay this 00:04:06
Holy Roman Empire finally is going to be in the hands of Charles V. If you remember, 00:04:13
Luther and Charles V are going to fight because Charles V was the emperor of the Holy Roman 00:04:19
Empire. So the idea is these are the territories inherited by Charles with America, Luxembourg, 00:04:30
Franco Condado and the lower countries on these territories and the possibility of be the emperor 00:04:40
and he is going to be finally the emperor the difference with uh with uh with philip ii is 00:04:46
philip ii is going to inherit all the territories of Charles V it means the Iberian peninsula 00:04:53
sardinia sicily naples these territories in northern africa also milan is going to be a 00:05:00
new acquisition at the end of the reign of Charles V Franco Condado Luxembourg and the lower countries 00:05:06
but Philip and these territories that they are the sorry and and that's it so the Holy Roman Empire 00:05:13
and the Austrian territories are going to be for Fernando I that he is the brother of Philip the 00:05:22
second or the brother of Charles the fifth okay so let's recap a little with 00:05:29
Philip the second these are the territories of Charles the fifth and 00:05:34
Philip the second is going to inherit almost all the territories that Charles 00:05:39
the fifth had okay it's going to inherit the 00:05:43
Iberian Peninsula Sardinia Sicily Naples Milan Franco Condado Luxembourg and lower 00:05:48
countries however the Holy Roman Empire and these ocean territories are going 00:05:54
to be for Fernando I. Fernando I is the brother of Charles V. So as you can see Philip II 00:05:59
is going to inherit almost all the territories of Charles V but he is not going to inherit 00:06:09
the Holy Roman Empire or the Austrian territories. Why? Because Charles V has been fighting against 00:06:15
the Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire. This problem of the Protestants is a huge 00:06:23
problem for Charles V so he doesn't want Philip II to have the same problem so he's going 00:06:28
to say ok my son Philip II is not going to have the problems related with the empire 00:06:37
related with Protestantism so I'm not going to give him the Holy Roman Empire I'm going 00:06:42
to give the Holy Roman Empire to Ferdinand to Fernando I ok so that's the idea Philip 00:06:47
The second is going to inherit all these territories, the territories in orange, along with America, 00:06:53
but he is not going to inherit the Holy Roman Empire nor the Austrian territories that they 00:06:59
are going to be for Ferdinand, because these territories have a huge problem and is the 00:07:07
fights between the Catholics and the Protestants, and Charles V do not want Philip to be involved 00:07:12
in these problems. 00:07:19
So let's see, here is Charles V, here is Philip II, here the father and the son. 00:07:22
You see they are dressing in a different way. 00:07:29
Charles V is more a medieval man and Philip II is more a Renaissance man. 00:07:31
So both monarchs are going to belong to the Habsburg dynasty and as you have seen in the 00:07:41
maps they want to control Europe they want to have an absolute political authority or power 00:07:48
over Europe if you check the maps of course Charles V is almost controlling the whole continent 00:07:56
okay Philip II is going to have a lot of territories but he is not controlling 00:08:03
the Holy Roman Empire however remember Fernando and Philip II are relatives okay they are from 00:08:08
the same dynasty so they are allies so in the end the hasbro dynasty is almost controlling the whole 00:08:16
continent okay europe and also america so a huge powerful monarchy or a huge powerful dynasty in 00:08:25
this case so the hasbro dynasty is going to control almost the whole continent okay so let's 00:08:35
Let's see how Charles V or Carlos Quinto and Philip II pursued similar political objectives. 00:08:41
They are going to have more or less the same policies, domestic and foreign policy. 00:08:48
They are going to have more or less the same enemies, they are going to act or they are 00:08:54
going to have more or less the same goals, the same objectives. 00:09:00
The first one is that they want to maintain their territories. 00:09:04
They want to keep their kingdoms. 00:09:08
They have a huge empire and one of their goals is to keep it, it means, and in order to do 00:09:10
that of course they are going to declare numerous wars, ok? 00:09:16
They are going to fight in more than one war, ok? 00:09:20
They are going to fight in numerous wars in Europe. 00:09:23
So the idea is, what they want, ok, is to retain, to maintain, to keep their territorial 00:09:28
patrimony it means their territories patrimony territorial means their 00:09:35
territorial possessions through numerous wars against the kingdoms okay they are 00:09:41
going to fight against France against England against the Protestants in the 00:09:46
lower countries the Protestants in Germany etc so the idea is or the the 00:09:51
Ottoman Empire that is the Turkish Empire so the idea is they want one of 00:09:57
the main goals is to keep their territorial patrimony they want to keep their territories 00:10:03
okay how they are going to do that fighting in different wars against european kingdoms 00:10:09
how they are going to pay these wars using the american silver okay all the silver found in 00:10:17
america is going to be used in order to pay this wars okay and they are going to be able to fight 00:10:23
these words due to this silver okay when this silver is not enough what they are 00:10:30
going to do is to ask for money to bankers Italian or German bankers okay 00:10:38
for example if you remember this painting here is a German banker the 00:10:43
name of the family is Fugger so the Fuggers are going to be one of the 00:10:49
bankers giving money to the Emperor here is charge the fifth okay so charge the 00:10:55
fifth that is the Emperor is going to get money from different bankers here is 00:11:02
the Fugger giving money to charge the fifth what is doing this banker burning 00:11:06
some debts burning some loans it means he is saying to charge the fifth you are 00:11:12
so powerful okay so I'm not going to make you pay these debts okay part of 00:11:19
the debts, so I'm going to be your friend, your ally, so that's the idea, he's showing 00:11:25
to Charles V, I'm burning them, Charles V is going to owe that much money to different 00:11:32
bankers because the American silver is not enough to pay these wars to retain, to keep 00:11:40
this territorial patrimony, to keep these possessions, so it was not enough and became 00:11:47
inducted means endeudado to italian and german bankers the other one is related with religion 00:11:54
we have seen what has happened with lutheranism with martin luther what has happened with the 00:12:02
reformation in germany so the idea is charles v or carlos quinto and felipe segundo what they 00:12:10
are going to do is to defend catholicism they are catholic and they are going to defend catholicism 00:12:16
And their goal is not only to defend Catholicism but to preserve Catholicism in Spain and their European territories 00:12:21
So what they want is, ok, I'm going to defend Catholicism in general against the Turks, against the Protestants 00:12:34
But also what I want is religious unity in my territories, in my kingdoms 00:12:42
That means Spain and the European territories 00:12:47
So this policy is what is going to make, for example, Charles V fight in Germany against the Protestants 00:12:50
Or Philip II to fight against the Protestants in the lower countries, en los Países Bajos 00:12:58
Ok, so how they are going to defend Catholicism and preserve this religious unity in Spain and Europe 00:13:05
So two main policies 00:13:13
The first one is the domestic policy 00:13:15
it means the policy that is going to be carried out inside their own territories what they are 00:13:17
going to do is to repress okay protestants and humanism protestants and humanist people 00:13:25
why they are going to repress protestants easy they are against catholicism so i'm going to 00:13:32
repress them why i'm going to repress it because remember the council of the council of trent 00:13:38
has said that one of the policies that the catholic kings must follow is to repress 00:13:45
protestantism because they are a heretic movement okay they are not catholics is a heretic movement 00:13:53
they are against the catholic dogma also they are going to fight a fight against humanism they are 00:14:01
going to repress humanist people why they are going to repress humanists because if you remember 00:14:08
human is this intellectual movement is against is against explaining the world 00:14:14
through God they are going to as they are going to explain the world nature 00:14:22
everything through reason so they are going to believe that humanism as 00:14:29
intellectual movement is a threatened or amenaza against Catholicism so in their 00:14:35
domestic policy is to repress humanism because humanism tries to explain 00:14:41
nature and the world through reason and not through God and second they are 00:14:47
going to fight they are going to repress Protestants because they are a heretic 00:14:54
movement okay so that's the idea this is the domestic policy in order to defend 00:14:58
Catholicism and preserve religious unity okay we are Catholics so we are going to 00:15:05
repress the Protestants and also the humanists because they can threaten Catholicism. Remember 00:15:09
here is Philip II and his son Carlos that they are looking at these Protestants that they are 00:15:15
burning alive in order to repress Protestantism in Spain. And in the European policy what they 00:15:23
are going to do is to start different wars against the Protestants. For example the Netherlands 00:15:32
Remember, in the northern territories, in the lower countries, Protestantism is going to be spread in this region and they are going to rise up against Philip II. 00:15:37
So Philip II is going to fight them through war. He is going to fight them using his army, okay? And he is going to start this war that is going to last 80 years, 80 years, okay? 00:15:52
So the idea is they are in the European policy is to through war they are going to fight against Protestant states like the Netherlands, the UK. Remember in the UK what we have is Anglicanism. Okay, that Anglicanism was set or was started by, I will say, by Henry VIII, Enrique VIII. 00:16:07
so the idea is they are going to fight the Netherlands and the UK both are 00:16:32
going to be Protestant States in the in case of the Netherlands is a Spanish 00:16:36
territory in case of the UK is a different Kingdom so Philly the second 00:16:40
is going to fight against these two King in the against these two territories 00:16:45
this kingdom and this Spanish territory okay so what monarchs what they are 00:16:48
going to do is to maintain keep and expand the administrative system 00:16:54
established by the Catholic monarchs what does it mean if you remember I 00:16:58
explained that the Catholic monarchs organized Castile Aragon their 00:17:04
territories in general using councils okay remember they create the council 00:17:09
for the Inquisition they create the council for Castile the council for 00:17:15
Aragon etc so the idea is Carlos Quinto and Felipe Segundo are going to keep 00:17:20
this administrative system and what they are going to do is to expand it they are 00:17:27
going to create for example the Council for America or for the Indias that's the 00:17:32
correct name they are going to create the the Council of Flanders for the 00:17:37
Netherlands because there is a war here and they need a council in order to 00:17:43
fight there etc so the idea is they are going to maintain to keep the 00:17:46
administrative system the councils created by a Catholic Monarchs and they 00:17:52
are going to expand them okay they are going to make them even better even more complex and 00:17:56
professional so now what we are going to study and this is the last the last slide what we are going 00:18:04
to study is the economy and the society in the 16th century okay we are going to see how is the 00:18:12
economy in Spain in the 16th century okay what you need to know is that the core el corazón the core 00:18:17
of the of the Spanish economy is going to be the silver and gold that came from 00:18:25
America okay that's the idea okay the Spanish economy is going to grow due to 00:18:31
the silver and gold obtained in America more silver than gold okay when you 00:18:37
think of the of a of a Spanish America you need to think of silver not gold 00:18:42
okay we are going to obtain more silver than gold gold is a minority the 00:18:47
majority of the metal is going to be silver okay so the idea is the Spanish 00:18:52
economy is going to prosper is going to grow due to this silver and gold as you 00:18:57
can understand if the Spanish economy is based on this silver and gold America is 00:19:03
going to be really important for Charles the fifth and Philip the second so in 00:19:11
In order to keep America for the Spanish, the first thing that they are going to establish 00:19:19
is to organize this trade with America. 00:19:28
How? 00:19:31
First, there is going to be only one port that is going to trade with America in order 00:19:32
to establish a monopoly. 00:19:38
So the idea is this, okay? 00:19:41
We have the Spanish territories, as you can see here. 00:19:43
have Mexico we have Peru we have Venezuela we have Central America we 00:19:46
have the Caribbean Florida etc so we are going to connect the Spanish 00:19:50
territories with Spain with the peninsula through Sevilla through Seville 00:19:55
so there is going to be only one port that can trade legally with America only 00:20:03
one port that trade legally with America and this port is going to be Seville or 00:20:10
Sevilla okay they establish the monopoly it means the only country that can trade 00:20:16
with America is Castile okay so Castile is the only country that can trade with 00:20:23
America how they are going to establish this monopoly establishing only one port 00:20:32
to trade with America and this port is going to be Sevilla the second 00:20:38
thing that they are going to do Philip II is going to establish a fleet system it means he's going to 00:20:45
establish a fleet a combination of different ships warships in order to defend the ships that they 00:20:51
are going to carry the silver and gold so the idea is we are going to have two main fleets this one 00:20:59
that is the fleet of Veracruz that goes to Mexico and then go back to the peninsula and this one 00:21:06
that is the fleet of the los galeones this is the name los galeones because they are made of 00:21:13
galeones a type of ship of warship so the idea is they are going to go to panama and from panama 00:21:19
to peru so they are going to connect this with the royalty the royalty of peru with panama and 00:21:25
and then the peninsula and this other one is going to connect mexico with the peninsula 00:21:32
So, the idea is this trade, this American trade is really important, so they are going 00:21:40
to organize it based on two main ideas, or two main measures. 00:21:46
The first one is only one port can trade with America, that one is Seville, because what 00:21:54
they want is to establish a monopoly. 00:21:58
The second one is that they want to protect the silver, so in order to protect the silver 00:22:01
they are going to create this fleet system based on two main fleets, the fleet of Veracruz 00:22:07
and the fleet of Los Galeones. 00:22:12
These two fleets are composed by warships, it means ships with cannons in order to defend, 00:22:16
the other ships to escort, escoltar, the other ships that trade with America. 00:22:23
So that's the idea, we want to protect the silver because the silver of America is making 00:22:29
the Spanish economy to prosper and also they are going to establish a monopoly. 00:22:35
They do not want other countries to trade with America. 00:22:39
How they are going to do that? 00:22:43
They are going to establish only one port trading with America. 00:22:44
So let's see the main consequences of the silver arriving to the peninsula. 00:22:50
The first consequence is that this silver is going to finance the numerous wars. 00:22:58
It means, thanks to this American silver, the kings, Carlos V and Felipe II, can afford, 00:23:03
can pay the European wars. 00:23:11
So that's the idea, due to this fact, due to this American silver, these kings, Carlos 00:23:15
V and Felipe II, they can pay these wars in Europe. 00:23:24
So that most of the American silver is going to end where? 00:23:30
In the European banks. 00:23:33
Because they are not using this money to develop the Castilian or Spanish economy. 00:23:35
They are using this money to pay the wars. 00:23:43
Why they want to pay the wars? 00:23:46
Because one of their goals is to keep, to maintain their possessions, their territories. 00:23:48
So if they want to maintain their empire they need to fight against the other kingdoms. 00:23:56
In order to do that they need to pay for these wars and they are going to pay thanks to this 00:24:02
American silver. 00:24:08
So the American silver is going to be used to pay these wars. 00:24:10
Second what we are going to see is this silver is going to make the nobility even richer. 00:24:15
They are going to enrich the nobility. 00:24:21
do you think the nobility is going to do with the money do you think they are going to invest the 00:24:25
money in order to improve the the agrarian production it means remember the nobility 00:24:29
own most of the land or most of the fertile lands do you think the nobility is going to use this 00:24:38
money in order to make the land more productive no they are going to use the money in order to buy 00:24:45
luxury products it means to show to the rest of the people to the rest of the society that they 00:24:52
are rich okay so this is one key problem that you need to keep in mind for the next year for fourth 00:24:58
official that the money that comes from america is going to be used to pay wars not to develop 00:25:05
the spanish economy the spanish industry the spanish agriculture and also that the nobility 00:25:13
with this money they are not going to use it to improve the production system 00:25:18
they are not going to make our the Spanish industry or the Spanish agrarian 00:25:23
system better or yes better so to increase the production what they are 00:25:29
going to do is just to show to the people that they are rich how buying 00:25:34
luxury products okay so neither the Kings nor the nobility are going to use 00:25:39
money to develop the Spanish economy they are the nobility to show the others 00:25:48
that they are rich and the Kings to preserve their empire paying these wars 00:25:53
okay this is going to affect to Castile and you'll see that Castile is going to 00:25:57
be in crisis at the end of the 16th century because of these reasons okay so 00:26:03
the third one is the craft industry in the beginning careful with this the 00:26:10
The craft industry in the beginning is going to grow because the American territories are 00:26:15
demanding these manufactured products. 00:26:24
So that's perfect, you say, ok, they are using the silver in order to pay these wars, they 00:26:26
are showing that they are rich, but at least the craft industry in the beginning is going 00:26:32
to increase, is going to grow due to this demand of the American territories. 00:26:37
The problem is the prices of the products in Spain are going to be more expensive than 00:26:42
in Europe. 00:26:51
The thing is, due to this money coming to Spain, these products are going to be more 00:26:52
expensive and more expensive as time goes on. 00:27:01
It means this crumb industry is going to grow in the beginning but is going to diminish 00:27:04
or is going to decrease at the end of the 16th century, because the production of these products 00:27:09
in Spain is going to be more expensive than in other countries. Why is it going to be more 00:27:16
expensive to produce these products in Spain than in other countries at the end of the 16th century? 00:27:21
Because we haven't used our money to increase the production. We have used the money to pay 00:27:26
world so we have used the money in order to make the nobility richer and to buy luxury products but 00:27:35
not to increase the production to improve the production system 00:27:42
because because we have used the money instead of to improve the productive system for wars or 00:28:05
to make the nobility richer and show it through products like rings or pieces of 00:28:11
gold etc. so that's the idea these are the these are three consequences of the arrival of these precious 00:28:19
metals we are going to have a craft industry that is going to start growing in the beginning but at 00:28:25
the end okay in the end of the 16th century the Spanish products are going 00:28:31
to be more expensive so as you can understand what they are going to do the 00:28:36
Spanish people to buy the products in Spain that they are more expensive than 00:28:40
the in the Great Britain or to buy to Great Britain of course they are going 00:28:43
to buy the products to the playtime so that our industry is going to decrease 00:28:47
decrease decrease and almost die okay the fourth consequence is as we have 00:28:52
that much money and we are paying these words we are going to start getting 00:29:01
involved in more expensive projects it means if we have more money we are going 00:29:07
to be involved in more expensive projects because you see that you have 00:29:13
the possibility to be involved in these expensive projects so that's the idea 00:29:18
okay due to the arrival of these precious metals the Kings are going to 00:29:23
be involved in more expensive projects ok so the problem is when you have no 00:29:29
money when they run out of money when they have no more money what they are 00:29:34
going to do they are going to increase the taxes so the idea is with the money 00:29:38
we are going to pay the wars ok if we need more money we go to the banks but 00:29:43
if we want we need even more money to pay the loans to the banks we can use 00:29:47
the American silver and also it will have not enough the taxes we increase 00:29:52
taxes and that's it remember this money is going to make the nobility even richer and they are 00:29:57
going to buy luxury products okay they are not going to improve the production system 00:30:02
this reality is going to make the craft industry only grow in the beginning of the 16th century 00:30:08
because the american territories are demanding these manufactured products but in the end of 00:30:14
the 16th century as they have not improved the production system this craft industry 00:30:19
is going to be more expensive in Spain than in other countries, so that they are going to buy 00:30:25
the produce to the other countries rather than in Spain. Okay, let's see the last one. Okay, 00:30:30
the economy continued to be based on agriculture, so it means our economy, the economy, the Spanish 00:30:37
economy, the Hispanic monarchy economy is going to be based on agriculture. Okay, so we are in an 00:30:43
an agrarian economy, we have more peasants than nobility, clergy, and this nobility and 00:30:50
clergy, they are controlling most of the lands, and they are using the money, the silver that 00:30:57
came from America, not to improve their production systems, to improve the productivity of the 00:31:01
lands, they are going to use it to buy luxury products, okay? 00:31:08
So these are the five consequences. 00:31:13
These consequences are not very good to the Spanish economy, okay? 00:31:15
In the beginning it's going to prosper due to the silver, but as time goes on, the Spanish economy is going to start to be involved in a crisis. So that's what we are going to see, the last thing. The Spanish economy at the end of the 16th century went into decline, went into a crisis. 00:31:19
Okay, so at the end of the 16th century we have a crisis. Okay 00:31:38
So the production of manufacturers fall you remember Castilian wool industry and crown of a Texan industry could not compete with 00:31:42
Those abroad what I said, it means it's cheaper to buy the products abroad in the in great 00:31:50
Britain in France rather than in Castile or Aragon 00:31:57
so the idea is as they have not invested this money in the 00:32:01
Castilian or Aragonese production system what they are going to do or what they 00:32:06
are going to do is to buy these products abroad okay so the idea is is cheaper to 00:32:14
buy these products abroad than in Castile and Aragon okay because they have 00:32:20
not improved their industries okay so they have not improved the industry and 00:32:26
they cannot produce cheaper they need to produce it more expensive than the other 00:32:32
countries the Spanish the people from Castile and Aragon are going to buy 00:32:36
these products to the other countries to the European countries rather than to 00:32:41
buy it to the Castilian and Aragonese industries the last thing is the trade 00:32:47
is going to be also affected trade is going to decrease at the end of the 16th 00:32:52
century and it's going to decrease at the end of the 16th century because the 00:32:57
production is going to decrease because of the different deaths that the Spanish 00:33:01
monarchs have okay for example in the 16th century at the end remember philip the second felipe 00:33:06
segundo is going to die in 1598 the people in castile were saying si el rey no muere el reino 00:33:13
muere quiere decir si el reino muere con todas las guerras en las que se ha metido con todo lo 00:33:22
que está gastando a nivel internacional con lo poco que está invirtiendo en la producción en 00:33:28
castilla el reino castilla morirá por tanto querían ya que muriera felipe porque si no 00:33:32
con su política de guerras y de inversión en el extranjero el reino no produciría y no crecería 00:33:38
económicamente so that's the idea the production of manufacturers they are going to fall because 00:33:46
they cannot compete with the the industries abroad so the spanish people are going to buy 00:33:51
in Great Britain, France, etc. rather than in Spain, in Castile or Aragon, and also the trade 00:33:57
is going to be affected, it's going to decrease. And that's it, the introduction to the Hasburg 00:34:03
dynasty. In the next class we will start with Charles V or Carlos V. 00:34:09
Autor/es:
Rubén Peinado González
Subido por:
Ruben P.
Licencia:
Dominio público
Visualizaciones:
90
Fecha:
23 de marzo de 2020 - 22:51
Visibilidad:
Público
Centro:
IES ANTARES
Duración:
34′ 15″
Relación de aspecto:
1.78:1
Resolución:
1280x720 píxeles
Tamaño:
210.90 MBytes

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