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PROYECTO" A NORTTH AND SOUTH APPROACH TO A SUSTAINABLE CITY" IES ATENEA - Contenido educativo
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I want you to reimagine how life is organized on Earth.
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Think of the planet like a human body that we inhabit.
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The skeleton is the transportation system of roads and railways,
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bridges and tunnels, air and seaports
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that enable our mobility across the continents.
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The vascular system that powers the body
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are the oil and gas pipelines and electricity grids
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that distribute energy.
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And the nervous system of communications
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is the internet cables, satellites, cellular networks and data centers
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that allow us to share information.
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This ever-expanding infrastructural matrix
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already consists of 64 million kilometers of roads,
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four million kilometers of railways,
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two million kilometers of pipelines
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and one million kilometers of internet cables.
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What about international borders?
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We have less than 500,000 kilometers of borders.
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Let's build a better map of the world.
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And we can start by overcoming some ancient mythology.
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There's a saying with which all students of history are familiar.
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Geography is destiny.
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Sounds so grave, doesn't it?
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It's such a fatalistic adage.
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It tells us that landlocked countries are condemned to be poor,
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that small countries cannot escape their larger neighbors,
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that vast distances are insurmountable.
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But every journey I take around the world,
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I see an even greater force sweeping the planet.
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Connectivity.
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The global connectivity revolution, in all of its forms,
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transportation, energy and communications,
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has enabled such a quantum leap in the mobility of people,
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of goods, of resources, of knowledge,
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such that we can no longer even think of geography as distinct from it.
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In fact, I view the two forces as fusing together
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into what I call connectography.
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Connectography represents a quantum leap in the mobility of people, resources, ideas,
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but it is an evolution, an evolution of the world from political geography, which is how
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we legally divide the world, to functional geography, which is how we actually use the
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the world, from nations and borders to infrastructure and supply chains.
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Our global system is evolving
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from the vertically integrated empires of the 19th century
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through the horizontally interdependent nations of the 20th century
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into a global network civilization in the 21st century.
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Connectivity, not sovereignty,
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has become the organizing principle of the human species.
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We are becoming this global network civilization
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because we are literally building it.
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All of the world's defense budgets and military spending taken together
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total just under two trillion dollars per year.
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Meanwhile, our global infrastructure spending
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is projected to rise to nine trillion dollars per year
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within the coming decade.
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And, well, it should.
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We have been living off an infrastructure stock
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meant for a world population of three billion,
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as our population has crossed seven billion to eight billion
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and eventually nine billion and more.
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As a rule of thumb,
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we should spend about one trillion dollars
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on the basic infrastructure needs of every billion people in the world.
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Not surprisingly, Asia is in the lead.
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In 2015, China announced the creation
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of the Asia Infrastructure and Investment Bank,
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which, together with a network of other organizations,
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aims to construct a network of iron-silk roads
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stretching from Shanghai to Lisbon.
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And as all of this topographical engineering unfolds,
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we will likely spend more on infrastructure in the next 40 years.
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We will build more infrastructure in the next 40 years
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than we have in the past 4,000 years.
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Now, let's stop and think about it for a minute.
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Spending so much more on building the foundations of global society
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rather than on the tools to destroy it
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can have profound consequences.
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Connectivity is how we optimize the distribution of people
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and resources around the world.
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It is how mankind comes to be more than just the sum of its parts.
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I believe that is what is happening.
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Connectivity has a twin megatrend in the 21st century.
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Planetary urbanization.
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Cities are the infrastructures that most define us.
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By 2030, more than two-thirds of the world's population will live in cities.
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And these are not mere little dots on the map,
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but they are vast archipelagos stretching hundreds of kilometers.
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Here we are in Vancouver,
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at the head of the Cascadia Corridor
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that stretches south across the US border to Seattle.
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The technology powerhouse of Silicon Valley
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begins north of San Francisco, down to San Jose and across the Bay to Oakland.
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The sprawl of Los Angeles now passes San Diego
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across the Mexican border to Tijuana.
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San Diego and Tijuana now share an airport terminal,
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where you can exit into either country.
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Eventually, a high-speed rail network may connect the entire Pacific Spine.
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America's northeastern megalopolis
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begins in Boston through New York and Philadelphia to Washington.
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It contains more than 50 million people
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and also has plans for a high-speed rail network.
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But Asia is where we really see the megacities coming together.
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This continuous strip of light from Tokyo through Nagoya to Osaka
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contains more than 80 million people and most of Japan's economy.
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It is the world's largest megacity.
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For now.
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But in China, megacity clusters are coming together
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with populations reaching 100 million people.
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The Bohai Rim around Beijing,
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the Yangtze River Delta around Shanghai
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and the Pearl River Delta,
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stretching from Hong Kong north to Guangzhou.
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And in the middle,
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the Chongqing-Changdu megacity cluster,
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whose geographic footprint is almost the same size
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as the country of Austria.
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And any number of these megacity clusters
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has a GDP approaching two trillion dollars.
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That's almost the same as all of India today.
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So imagine if our global diplomatic institutions,
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such as the G20,
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were to base their membership on economic size
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rather than national representation.
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Some Chinese megacities may be in and have a seat at the table,
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while entire countries like Argentina or Indonesia would be out,
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moving to India,
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whose population will soon exceed that of China.
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It too has a number of megacity clusters,
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such as the Delhi capital region and Mumbai.
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In the Middle East, Greater Tehran is absorbing one third of Iran's population.
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Most of Egypt's 80 million people
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live in the corridor between Cairo and Alexandria.
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And in the Gulf,
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a necklace of city-states is forming,
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from Bahrain and Qatar
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through the United Arab Emirates to Muscat in Oman.
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And then there's Lagos,
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Africa's largest city and Nigeria's commercial hub.
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It has plans for a rail network
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that will make it the anchor of a vast Atlantic coastal corridor
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stretching across Benin, Togo and Ghana
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to Abidjan, the capital of the Ivory Coast.
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But these countries are suburbs of Lagos.
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In a megacity world, countries can be suburbs of cities.
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By 2030, we will have as many as 50 such megacity clusters in the world.
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So which map tells you more?
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our traditional map of 200 discrete nations
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that hang on most of our walls,
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or this map of the 50 megacity clusters.
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And yet even this is incomplete,
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because you cannot understand any individual megacity
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without understanding its connections to the others.
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People move to cities to be connected,
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and connectivity is why these cities thrive.
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Any number of them, such as Sao Paulo or Istanbul or Moscow,
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has a GDP approaching or exceeding one-third to one-half
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of their entire national GDP.
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But equally importantly,
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you cannot calculate any of their individual value
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without understanding the role of the flows of people,
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of finance, of technology,
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that enable them to thrive.
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Take the Gauteng province of South Africa,
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which contains Johannesburg and the capital Pretoria.
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It too represents just over a third of South Africa's GDP.
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But equally importantly,
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it is home to the offices of almost every single multinational corporation
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that invests directly into South Africa
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and indeed into the entire African continent.
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Cities want to be part of global value chains.
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They want to be part of this global division of labor.
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That is how cities think.
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I've never met a mayor who said to me,
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I want my city to be cut off.
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They know that their cities belong as much to the global network civilization
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as to their home countries.
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Now, for many people, urbanization causes great dismay.
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They think cities are wrecking the planet.
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But right now, there are more than 200 intercity learning networks thriving.
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That is, as many as the number of intergovernmental organizations that we have.
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And all of these intercity networks are devoted to one purpose,
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mankind's number one priority in the 21st century,
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sustainable urbanization.
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Is it working?
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Let's take climate change.
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We know that summit after summit in New York and Paris
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is not going to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
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But what we can see is that transferring technology and knowledge
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and policies between cities
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is how we've actually begun to reduce the carbon intensity of our economies.
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Cities are learning from each other
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how to install zero-emissions buildings,
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how to deploy electric car-sharing systems.
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In major Chinese cities,
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they're imposing quotas on the number of cars on the streets.
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In many Western cities,
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young people don't even want to drive anymore.
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Cities have been part of the problem.
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Now they are part of the solution.
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Inequality is the other great challenge to achieving sustainable urbanization.
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When I travel through megacities from end to end,
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it takes hours and days,
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I experience the tragedy of extreme disparity within the same geography.
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And yet our global stock of financial assets has never been larger,
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approaching 300 trillion dollars.
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That's almost four times the actual GDP of the world.
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We have taken on such enormous debts since the financial crisis,
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but have we invested them in inclusive growth?
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No, not yet.
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Only when we build sufficient, affordable public housing,
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when we invest in robust transportation networks
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to allow people to connect to each other,
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both physically and digitally,
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that's when our divided cities and societies
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will come to feel whole again.
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And that is why infrastructure has just been included
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in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals,
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because it enables all the others.
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Our political and economic leaders are learning
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that connectivity is not charity, it's opportunity.
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And that's why our financial community needs to understand
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that connectivity is the most important asset class of the 21st century.
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Now, cities can make the world more sustainable.
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They can make the world more equitable.
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I also believe that connectivity between cities
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can make the world more peaceful.
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If we look at regions of the world with dense relations across borders,
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we see more trade, more investment and more stability.
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We all know the story of Europe after World War II,
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where industrial integration kicked off a process
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that gave rise to today's peaceful European Union.
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And you can see that Russia, by the way,
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is the least connected of major powers in the international system.
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And that goes a long way towards explaining the tensions today.
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Countries that have less stake in the system
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also have less to lose in disturbing it.
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In North America, the lines that matter most on the map
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are not the U.S.-Canada border or the U.S.-Mexico border,
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but the dense network of roads and railways and pipelines
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and electricity grids and even water canals
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that are forming an integrated North American union.
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North America does not need more walls.
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It needs more connections.
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But the real promise of connectivity is in the post-colonial world.
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All of those regions where borders have historically been the most arbitrary
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and where generations of leaders have had hostile relations with each other.
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But now a new group of leaders has come into power and is burying the hatchet.
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Let's take Southeast Asia.
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where high-speed rail networks are planned to connect Bangkok to Singapore
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and trade corridors from Vietnam to Myanmar.
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Now this region of 600 million people
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coordinates its agricultural resources and its industrial output.
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It is evolving into what I call a Pax Asiana,
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a peace among Southeast Asian nations.
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A similar phenomenon is underway in East Africa,
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where a half-dozen countries are investing
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in railways and multimodal corridors
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so that landlocked countries can get their goods to market.
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Now these countries coordinate their utilities
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and their investment policies.
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They too are evolving into a Pax Africana.
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One region we know could especially use this kind of thinking
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is the Middle East.
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As Arab states tragically collapse,
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what is left behind but the ancient cities
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such as Cairo, Beirut and Baghdad?
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In fact, the nearly 400 million people of the Arab world
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are almost entirely urbanized.
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As societies, as cities,
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they are either water-rich or water-poor,
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energy-rich or energy-poor.
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And the only way to correct these mismatches
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is not through more wars and more borders,
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but through more connectivity of pipelines and water canals.
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Sadly, this is not yet the map of the Middle East.
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But it should be.
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a connected Pax Arabia,
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internally integrated and productively connected to its neighbors,
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Europe, Asia and Africa.
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Now, it may not seem that connectivity is what we want right now
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towards the world's most turbulent region.
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But we know from history that more connectivity
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is the only way to bring about stability in the long run.
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Because we know that in region after region,
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connectivity is the new reality.
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Cities and countries are learning to aggregate
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into more peaceful and prosperous wholes.
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But the real test is going to be Asia.
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Can connectivity overcome the patterns of rivalry
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among the great powers of the Far East?
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After all, this is where World War III is supposed to break out.
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Since the end of the Cold War, a quarter century ago,
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at least six major wars have been predicted for this region.
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But none have broken out.
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Take China and Taiwan.
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In the 1990s, this was everyone's leading World War III scenario.
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But since that time,
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the trade and investment volumes across the straits
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have become so intense
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that last November, leaders from both sides
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held a historic summit
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to discuss eventual peaceful reunification.
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And even the election of a nationalist party in Taiwan
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that's pro-independence earlier this year
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does not undermine this fundamental dynamic.
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China and Japan have an even longer history of rivalry
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and have been deploying their air forces and navies
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to show their strength in island disputes.
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But in recent years,
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Japan has been making its largest foreign investments in China.
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Japanese cars are selling in record numbers there.
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And guess where the largest number of foreigners
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residing in Japan today comes from?
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You guessed it.
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China.
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China and India have fought a major war
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and have three outstanding border disputes.
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But today, India is the second-largest shareholder
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in the Asia Infrastructure and Investment Bank.
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They're building a trade corridor stretching from northeast India
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through Myanmar and Bangladesh
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to southern China.
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Their trade volume has grown from 20 billion dollars a decade ago
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to 80 billion dollars today.
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Nuclear-armed India and Pakistan have fought three wars
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and continue to dispute Kashmir.
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But they're also negotiating a most favored nation trade agreement
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and want to complete a pipeline stretching from Iran through Pakistan to India.
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And let's talk about Iran.
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Wasn't it just two years ago that war with Iran seemed inevitable?
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Then why is every single major power rushing to do business there today?
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Ladies and gentlemen, I cannot guarantee that World War III will not break out.
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But we can definitely see why it hasn't happened yet.
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Even though Asia is home to the world's fastest-growing militaries,
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these same countries are also investing billions of dollars
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in each other's infrastructure and supply chains.
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They are more interested in each other's functional geography
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than in their political geography.
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And that is why their leaders think twice,
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step back from the brink,
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and decide to focus on economic ties over territorial tensions.
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So often, it seems like the world is falling apart,
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but building more connectivity
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is how we put Humpty Dumpty back together again,
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much better than before.
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And by wrapping the world in such seamless physical and digital connectivity,
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we evolve towards a world
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in which people can rise above their geographic constraints.
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We are the cells and vessels pulsing through these global connectivity networks.
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through these global connectivity networks.
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Every day, hundreds of millions of people go online
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and work with people they've never met.
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More than one billion people cross borders every year,
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and that's expected to rise to three billion in the coming decade.
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We don't just build connectivity,
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we embody it.
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We are the global network civilization,
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and this is our map.
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A map of the world in which geography is no longer destiny.
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Instead, the future has a new and more hopeful motto.
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Connectivity is destiny.
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Thank you.
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The United Nations is an organization with goals of peace
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and sustainable development around the world.
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Their mission is huge, but we're breaking it down in two minutes.
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70 sustainable development goals.
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Let's get to them cause the more you know
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Look, in some corners of the world today
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People are living on a dollar a day
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Ay, that's not how it ought to be
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So goal one, eliminate poverty
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And goal two, root out hunger across the globe
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There's 800 million people hungry if you wanna know
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Number three is health and well-being
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And getting people the healthcare that they need in
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Learning in school are the heart of goal four
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Education opens up minds and doors
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Goal number five is empower girls and women
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So they can have the same rights that men are given
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Number six, people need water that's clean
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Poor sanitation can spread disease
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Carbon-free energy is goal number seven
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And how to achieve it is a question that's pressing
00:22:07
But if we put our minds together and work hard
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We can find a solution, I'm guessing
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17 sustainable development goals
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To improve life all around the globe
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Protecting human health and the environment
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Whatever bad we make, we gon' have to lie in it
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17 sustainable development goals
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To improve life all around the globe
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Protecting human health and the environment
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Whatever bad we make, we gon' have to lie in it
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Now imagine that you work all day for no pay
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Economic growth and decent workers, goal 8
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Goal number 9 is to foster innovation
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In infrastructure and industrialization
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Goal number 10, inequality reduction
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11 is sustainable city construction
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12, well, that's sustainable consumption
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So what we use matches up with production
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Goal 13 calls for urgent action
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To combat climate change
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Cause we know it's happening
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14, protect life under seas
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15, protect life on land
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Goal 16 is for peace and justice
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All over the planet, they're in high demand
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And the final goal, number 17
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Is the critical factor, the heart of the machine
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It's the strength in the way we achieve these goals
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of sustainable development around the globe. 17 sustainable development goals to improve life
00:23:21
all around the globe. Protecting human health and the environment. Whatever bad we make,
00:23:27
we gonna have to lie in it. 17 sustainable development goals to improve life all around
00:23:33
the globe. Protecting human health and the environment. Whatever bad we make, we gonna
00:23:38
Today, more than half of all people in the world live in an urban area.
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By mid-century, this will increase to 70%.
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But as recently as 100 years ago, only 2 out of 10 people lived in a city, and before that, it was even less.
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How have we reached such a high degree of urbanization, and what does it mean for our future?
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In the earliest days of human history, humans were hunter-gatherers,
00:24:25
often moving from place to place in search of food.
00:24:30
But about 10,000 years ago, our ancestors began to learn the secrets of selective breeding
00:24:34
and early agricultural techniques.
00:24:39
For the first time, people could raise food rather than search for it,
00:24:42
and this led to the development of semi-permanent villages for the first time in history.
00:24:46
Why only semi-permanent, you might ask?
00:24:50
well, at first the villages still had to relocate every few years as the soil became depleted.
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It was only with the advent of techniques like irrigation and soil tilling about 5,000 years ago
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that people could rely on a steady and long-term supply of food, making permanent settlements
00:25:05
possible. And with the food surpluses that these techniques produced, it was no longer necessary
00:25:10
for everyone to farm. This allowed the development of other specialized trades, and by extension,
00:25:15
cities. With cities now producing surplus food as well as tools, crafts, and other goods,
00:25:20
there was now the possibility of commerce and interaction over longer distances.
00:25:27
And as trade flourished, so did technologies that facilitated it, like carts, ships,
00:25:32
roads, and ports. Of course, these things required even more labor to build and maintain,
00:25:40
so more people were drawn from the countryside to the cities as more jobs and opportunities
00:25:45
became available. If you think modern cities are overcrowded, you may be surprised to learn that
00:25:50
some cities in 2000 BC had population densities nearly twice as high as that of Shanghai or
00:25:55
Calcutta. One reason for this was that transportation was not widely available,
00:26:01
so everything had to be within walking distance, including the few sources of clean water that
00:26:06
existed then. And the land area of the city was further restricted by the need for walls to defend
00:26:11
against attacks. The Roman Empire was able to develop infrastructure to overcome these
00:26:17
limitations, but other than that, modern cities as we know them didn't really get their start
00:26:23
until the Industrial Revolution, when new technology deployed on a mass scale allowed
00:26:28
cities to expand and integrate further, establishing police, fire, and sanitation
00:26:33
departments as well as road networks and later electricity distribution. So what is the future
00:26:38
of cities global population is currently more than 7 billion and is predicted to top out around 10
00:26:44
billion most of this growth will occur in the urban areas of the world's poorest countries
00:26:50
so how will cities need to change to accommodate this growth first the world will need to seek
00:26:56
ways to provide adequate food sanitation and education for all people second growth will need
00:27:02
to happen in a way that does not damage the land that provides us with the goods and services that
00:27:08
support the human population.
00:27:13
Food production might move to vertical farms and skyscrapers, rooftop gardens, or vacant
00:27:16
lots and city centers, while power will increasingly come from multiple sources of renewable energy.
00:27:21
Instead of single-family homes, more residences will be built vertically.
00:27:28
We may see buildings that contain everything that people need for their daily life, as
00:27:32
well as smaller, self-sufficient cities focused on local and sustainable production.
00:27:36
The future of cities is diverse, malleable and creative, no longer built around a single
00:27:41
industry, but reflecting an increasingly connected and global world.
00:27:47
- Subido por:
- Carmen De Los R.
- Licencia:
- Reconocimiento - No comercial
- Visualizaciones:
- 19
- Fecha:
- 28 de abril de 2022 - 9:08
- Visibilidad:
- Público
- Centro:
- IES ATENEA
- Duración:
- 28′ 57″
- Relación de aspecto:
- 1.78:1
- Resolución:
- 1920x1080 píxeles
- Tamaño:
- 773.53 MBytes
